The synthesis and characterization of novel 2-nitrobenzyl sulfonate photo-generators of acid

Methodology was developed for the synthesis of novel 2-substituted o-nitrobenzyl chromophores, which were derivatized as the tosylate esters. The thermal stabilities of these new tosylates fell within the range predicted from an empirical model. Lithographic sensitivities of deep UV resists made from these new esters and poly(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)styrene-sulfone) ranged from 45 to 90 mJ/cm².     

Intrapartum management of multiple gestations

The proper intrapartum management of multiple gestations continues to be debated in the obstetric community. Ultrasonography is key in this management, through its initial assessment of the fetuses in the labor and delivery suite, observations of the second twin after the first has delivered, and its role in external cephalic version. The proper route of delivery requires further investigation for each combination of twin presentations and estimated fetal weights. It is recommended that the nonvertex second twin that is greater than 24 weeks' gestational age and fewer than 1700 g estimated fetal weight should have an attempt made at ECV and, if unsuccessful, a cesarean section should be performed. In the nonvertex second twin weighing greater than 1700 g, ECV or assisted breech extraction is appropriate. It is believed that all triplet gestations should be delivered abdominally. The use of intravenous nitroglycerin for uterine relaxation in multiple gestations is still experimental but may prove to be useful in the abdominal delivery of the nonvertex fetus. Further research is required to elucidate the most critical issues associated with the labor and delivery management of multiple gestations.     

Packed extraction columns: A review of correlations for maximum throughput

A considerable amount of experimental data on maximum flow rates of countercurrently flowing liquid phases in packed columns has been published and a number of correlations for flooding velocities have been proposed. In the present paper various correlations are tested, using the same set of experimental results selected according to plausible criteria. The results of the test are presented in a consistent manner. Reasons why the result arrived at in this review differ from the recommendation given in Reference 10 are discussed.     

Children with recently diagnosed diabetes: Interactions within their families.

Analyzed how families with a diabetic child interact and how these patterns differ from other families, using 57 diabetic and 48 acutely ill early adolescents and preadolescents from 2-parent families. The 2 samples were contrasted in terms of enabling and constraining interactions of each family member. Findings reveal that diabetic Ss and their parents expressed significantly more enabling (e.g., focusing, problem-solving, active understanding) speeches than comparable members of the acute illness group. There were indications of particular constraining interactions (devaluing) occurring between fathers and diabetic Ss. Several alternative interpretations are offered to account for these results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Life cycle emissions analysis of two nZEB concepts

The net-zero emissions building (nZEB) performance is investigated for building operation (EO) and embodied emissions in materials (EE) for Norway's cold climate. nZEB concepts for new residential and office buildings are conceived in order to understand the balance and implications between operational and embodied emissions over the building's life. The main drivers for the CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) emissions are revealed for both building concepts through a detailed emissions calculation. The influence of the CO₂e factor for electricity is emphasized and it is shown to have significant impact on the temporal evolution of the overall CO₂e emissions balance. The results show that the criterion for zero emissions in operation is easily reached for both nZEB concepts (independent of the CO₂e factor considered). Embodied emissions are significant compared to operational emissions. It was found that an overall emissions balance including both operational and embodied energy is difficult to reach and would be unobtainable in a scenario of low carbon electricity from the grid. In this particular scenario, the net balance of emissions alone is nonetheless not a sufficient performance indicator for nZEB.     

Changes in structure of the bovine milk fat globule membrane on heating whole milk.

The effects of heat-induced interactions between milk fat globule membrane components and skim milk proteins in whole milk on the structure of the membrane were examined by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation and by using Triton X-100 as a membrane probe. Skim milk components were incorporated into all the lipoprotein fractions separated by density gradient centrifugation. High density complexes, higher in density than those found in the natural milk fat globule membrane, were formed during the heat treatment. Losses of natural membrane polypeptides from the medium and low density lipoproteins were observed on heating. Heating whole milk also altered the rate of release of membrane components by detergent, with decreases in protein released and an increase in phospholipid constituents released. Studies on washed cream indicated that some of the changes in the membrane on heating whole milk occurred due to the heat treatment alone, independent of the interactions with skim milk proteins.     

Electrochemical properties of a new electrode material,Ti4O7

Cyclic voltamograms of Ti₄O₇ (Ebonex) together with its overpotentials for the production of H₂ and O₂ in acidic and basic aqueous solutions are reported. Ti₄O₇ electrode properties are compared to other electrodes: TiO₂, Pt, carbon, and vitreous carbon. Strong adsorption of ruthenium and platinum to the surface of Ti₄O₇ reduces the overpotentials for H₂ and O₂ production and modifies its electrode behavior. ESR results indicate small amounts of higher oxide phases (Magneli phases) may be present in the Ebonex material.     

Improved solar efficiencies for doped polycrystalline TiO2 photoanodes

Ghosh and Maruska have recently reported a sunlight conversion efficiency for Al-doped single crystal TiO₂ of 1.3%. In this work we report conversion efficiencies of 1% for A1 and Y-doped, polycrystalline TiO₂ electrodes, and 1.1% for B-doped samples. We also discuss the effect of such doping on the electrical resistivity of the resulting oxides, and compare the efficiencies of homogeneous and differential cell configurations using the same photoanodes and counter electrodes.     

Throughput of rotating disc contactors — a review

Published procedures for calculating the maximum throughput of mutually saturated phases in rotating disc contactors, based on the slip-velocity concept, are compared against a set of experimental data from two sources. The results of the comparison are expressed as the standard relative deviation of the calculated and experimental continuous phase velocities.     

Substitutional and defect doping effects on the photoelectrochemical properties of Fe2O3

Fe₂O₃ samples have been prepared using both substitutional and defect doping techniques. Defect doped samples were sintered in air at 1350° C for 20 hours, reduced in a H₂ atmosphere for various times at 300° C, and finally reoxidized at 700–900° C for short periods. Resulting resistivities ranged from .01 to 5000 ohm-cm. Such electrodes were found to have good photoelectrochemical properties, and to be quite sensitive to chemical etching. Substitutional doping of Fe₂O₃ with Si, Ca, Nb, Cu, Ru, Mg, and Zr was performed, with Si and Cu providing the best results. The effects of quenching time and temperature on the properties of these electrodes are discussed.