Typicality effects in attitudes toward social policies: A concept-mapping approach.

Social typicality effects occur when people apply their attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical category members presumably because attitudes are directed toward the prototypic category member. Four studies tested whether individuals also apply social policy attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical persons affected by the policy. Study 1 used attitude concept maps to assess how extensively individuals spontaneously reference the typical person affected by a social policy. Death penalty proponents did so more than did opponents; welfare proponents and opponents did so equally. In 3 other studies, death penalty proponents displayed greater typicality effects in sentencing "convicted murderers" than did opponents, welfare proponents and opponents displayed equal typicality effects in evaluating cases of suspected welfare fraud, and individuals whose attitude concept maps about welfare referred more to persons displayed greater typicality effects than did individuals whose maps referred more to principles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Results in 52 patients

Fifty-two posterior spinal fusions were performed for pediatric idiopathic, congenital, and neuromuscular scoliotic curves. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation was used in all patients. Nine had prior anterior spinal releases and fusions. The patterns were mixed, with a predominance of right thoracic curvatures. The average preoperative curve measured 60.6 degrees, with correction to 29. Seven patients required revision surgery, and 17 wore orthoses after operation. There were 17 complications in this group, including hook pullout, prominent hardware, infection, pseudarthrosis, and two cases of broken Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation rods. Fatigue failure of this instrumentation, secondary to pseudarthrosis, has not been reported previously, and these two cases are presented in detail. The operative morbidity and difficulty were increased in the larger idiopathic curves and in neuromuscular and congenital scoliosis. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation is an overall excellent tool for the multiplanar correction of scoliosis and is amenable to revision surgery.     

The dietary regulation of acyltransferase and desaturase activities in microsomal membranes of rat liver

Dietary manipulation produces marked alterations in desaturase activities of rat liver microsomes with no concomitant changes in acyltransferase activities. Desaturation of stearoyl-CoA (Δ9-desaturase), linoleoyl-CoA (Δ6-desaturase), eicosatrienoyl-CoA (Δ5-desaturase) and eicosatrienoyl-phosphatidylcholine (Δ5-desaturase) was elevated in animals fed a corn oil diet and lowered in those fed a coconut oil diet compared to control animals. The Δ5-desaturase activities were also lowered in starved animals and elevated in starved animals refed a fat-free diet. However, no changes in acyl-CoA:1-acylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase activity were observed in the membranes of animals maintained on any of the dietary regimens studied. These observations suggest that the desaturases of rat liver microsomes are regulated independently of the acyltransferases and that desaturation of eicosatrienoyl-phosphatidylcholine is regulated at the level of the desaturase itself and not by availability of the phospholipid substrate.     

The management of hybrid libraries

This review aims to clarify some terms and concepts surrounding the idea of the ‘digital library’. First a set of underlying assumptions, which are often implicit rather than explicit, are outlined, leading to an explication of terms and concepts which are often used nebulously, or with flatly different meanings. A typology of digital library research is described, based on Yates’ model of a library, and comprising three interlinked domains: informational, technological and social. A conceptual framework for digital libraries is developed on this basis.     

Target detection in optically scattering media by polarization-difference imaging

Polarization-difference imaging (PDI) was recently presented by us as a method of imaging through scattering media [Opt. Lett. 20, 608 (1995)]. Here, PDI is compared with conventional, polarizationblind imaging systems under a variety of conditions not previously studied. Through visual and numerical comparison of polarization-difference and polarization-sum images of metallic targets suspended in scattering media, target features initially visible in both types of images are shown to disappear in polarization-sum images as the scatterer concentration is increased, whereas these features remain visible in polarization-difference images. Target features producing an observed degree of linear polarization of less than 1% are visible in polarization-difference images. The ability of PDI to suppress partially polarized background variations selectively is demonstrated, and discrimination of target features on the basis of polarization information is discussed. Our results show that, when compared with conventional imaging, PDI yields a factor of 2-3 increase in the distance at which certain target features can be detected.     

The use of site surveys in the collection of recreation data,with particular Reference to the congleton district of Cheshire

The provision of countryside recreation facilities at a local level is likely to receive increasing attention during the next decade. As an integral part of the assessment of the quality of present provision within the Congleton District of Cheshire (U.K.) five site surveys were made. Each site provides different facilities for recreation and interview questions were designed to investigate the background of the visitors and the nature of the interplay between site and visitor. The analysis of answers attempts to illustrate those aspects of this interrelationship, which may be important during the consideration of future provision of recreation sites and their management.     

Changes in zooplankton populations in the White Volta with particular reference to the effect of Abate

The 24‐hour LC 50 of the nauplii of Thermocyclops hyalinus using Abate CE 200 solution was 0.23 ppm., while the 24‐hour LC 50 of both the copepodite and adult stages was 0.2 ppm.

The numbers of drifting zooplanktonic Microcrustacea in the White Volta increased in numbers during the months of March, April, May, June and July in the dry season. The increase in numbers in the post‐sunset samples related to the vertical migration of the zoqplankton in the reservoir upstream. The aerial weekly application of Abate CE 200 solutions at very high lethal concentrations did not seem to affect the Microcrustacea population probably because (a) Microcrustacea drifting into the reservoir from upstream sustained populations in the reservoir; (b) Microcrustacea living at the banks of the reservoir escaped the abate effect flowing downstream; and (c) spraying was done around noon, when the majority of the zooplankton population had migrated to the bottom of the reservoir.     

Book reviews

RESOURCE TRENDS AND POPULATION POLICY: A TIME FOR REASSESSMENT, by Lester R. Brown. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., May 1979; Worldwatch Paper 29. (Paperback $2.00)

THE NEXT SEVENTY YEARS: POPULATION, FOOD AND RESOURCES, by B. Gil‐land. Abacus Press, London, 1979. 133 pp. (£9.50)

POPULATION POLICY ANALYSIS, edited by M. E. Kraft and M. Schneider. D. C. Heath, London, 1979. (£0.00)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, by Brian B. Clark, Ronald Bisset and Peter Wath‐ern. Manssell, London and Bowker, New York, 1980. 516 pp. (£0.00)

ADVANCES IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Vol. 11, edited by Amyan MacFadyen. Academic Press, London, 1980. 428 pp. (£25.00)

MICROBIAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN EXTREMES OF ENVIRONMENT, edited by G. W. Gould and Janet E. Cory. Academic Press, London, 1980. 244 pp. (£16.00)

UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT: Port Growth and Emerging Coastal Management Programs, by Marc Hershman, Robert Goodwin, Andrew Ruot‐sala, Maureen McCrea and Yehuda Hayuth. A Washington Sea Grant Publication, 1978. 212 pp. ($12.50)

HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY ANALYSIS, by J. Boustead and G. F. Hancock. Ellis‐Harwood, Chichester, U.K., 1979. (£25.00)

TREE GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES, by T. T. Kozlowski. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1979. vii + 192 pp. (£12.50)

ALL GOOD THINGS AROUND US, by Pamela Michael. Illustrated by Christabel King. Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1980. 240 pp. (£12.95)

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (2nd Edition), by A. V. Perpillou. Longman Group, London, U.K., 1977. xviii + 570 pp. 37 pls., 27 maps and diagrams, Index. (Paperback £5.50)

INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES IMPOUNDMENT, by N. P. Cheremisinoff, P. N. Cheremisinoff, F. Ellerbeck and A. J. Perna. Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, 1979. ix + 475 pp. Index. (£16.25)

PHOSPHORUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ITS CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. (Ciba Foundation No. 57, New Series), by Ruth Porter and David W. Fitzsimons. Elsevier, 1978. (£18.15)

TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL. Vol. II, edited by R. B. Pojasek (Options for Sterilization Solidifications). Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, U.S.A., 1979, 259 pp. (£19.80)

SON OF THE WILDERNESS (The Life of John Muir), by Linnie Marsh Wolfe. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1978. 364 pp. (Paperback £4.90)

NATURE'S PRICE, by W. van Dieren and M. G. W. Hummelinck. Marion Boyars, London, Boston, 1979. (Paperback £3.50)

PERMACULTURE ONE, by Bill (B. C.) Molli‐son and David Holmgren. Corgi Books, Trans‐world Publishers Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. 128 pp. (A $4.95)

ENVIRONMENTAL AERODYNAMICS, by R. S. Scorer. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1978. 488 pp. (Hardback £20.00; paperback £7.50)