Distribution and connections of inspiratory premotor neurons in the brainstem of the pigeon (Columba livia)

We have recorded extracellular, inspiratory-related (IR) unit activity in the medulla at locations corresponding to those of neurons retrogradely labeled by injections of retrograde tracers in the lower brachial and upper thoracic spinal cord, injections that covered cell bodies and dendrites of motoneurons innervating inspiratory muscles. Bulbospinal neurons were distributed throughout the dorsomedial and ventrolateral medulla, from the spinomedullary junction through about 0.8 mm rostral to the obex. Almost all of the 104 IR units recorded were located in corresponding parts of the ventrolateral medulla, rostral to nucleus retroambigualis, where expiratory related units are found. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine at the recording sites labeled projections both to the spinal cord and to the brainstem. In the lower brachial and upper thoracic spinal cord, bulbospinal axons traveled predominantly in the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus and terminated in close relation to the dendrites of inspiratory motoneurons retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin B-chain. In the brainstem, there were predominantly ipsilateral projections to the nucleus retroambigualis, tracheosyringeal motor nucleus (XIIts), ventrolateral nucleus of the rostral medulla, infraolivary superior nucleus, ventrolateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex. In all these nuclei, except XIIts, retrogradely labeled neurons were also found, indicating reciprocity of the connections. These results suggest the possibility of monosynaptic connections between inspiratory premotor neurons and inspiratory motoneurons, which, together with connections of IR neurons with other brainstem respiratory-vocal nuclei, seem likely to mediate the close coordination that exists in birds between the vocal and respiratory systems. The distribution of IR neurons in birds is similar to that of the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) in mammals.     

Technology and equipment for rational induction surface hardening of feed screws with recirculating balls

Conclusion At the National Enterprise Carl Zeiss Jena (East Germany) an improved method of continuous sequential induction hardening of feed screws with highly accurate length was worked out.The method was introduced into production jointly with the firm AEG-Elotherm (West Germany), which designed the corresponding equipment and apparatus.By continuous measurement of the length during continuous sequential surface hardening and immediate computer processing of the results of measurements it is possible by manual control of the speed of the inductor to maintain the elongation of the screw within previously specified narrow limits corresponding to the negative correction of the pitch of the thread envisaged in its cutting.Experience accumulated in recent years shows that the required absolute linear dimension of screws can be maintained with an accuracy of ±0.17 mm, regardless of the length of the screw (within the limits 0.5–4.0 m).Further improvement of the process will be effected chiefly by automating its control which at present is carried out manually.National Enterprise Carl Zeiss Jena (East Germany). AEG-Elotherm, Remscheid. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 4–8, December, 1984.     

The availability of source code in relation to timely response to security vulnerabilities

Once a vulnerability has been found in an application or service that runs on a computer connected to the Internet, fixing that exploit in a timely fashion is of the utmost importance. There are two parts to fixing vulnerability: a party acting on behalf of the application's vendor gives instructions to fix it or makes a patch available that can be downloaded; then someone using that information fixes the computer or application in question. This paper considers the effects of proprietary software versus non-proprietary software in determining the speed with which a security fix is made available, since this can minimize the amount of time that the computer system remains vulnerable.     

Energetic ion loss detector on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

A scintillator-based energetic ion loss detector has been successfully commissioned on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. This probe is located just below the outer midplane, where it captures ions of energies up to 2 MeV resulting from ion cyclotron resonance heating. After passing through a collimating aperture, ions impact different regions of the scintillator according to their gyroradius (energy) and pitch angle. The probe geometry and installation location are determined based on modeling of expected lost ions. The resulting probe is compact and resembles a standard plasma facing tile. Four separate fiber optic cables view different regions of the scintillator to provide phase space resolution. Evolving loss levels are measured during ion cyclotron resonance heating, including variation dependent upon individual antennae.     

Layout and results from the initial operation of the high-resolution x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on the Large Helical Device

First results of ion and electron temperature profile measurements from the x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) diagnostic on the Large Helical Device (LHD) are presented. This diagnostic system has been operational since the beginning of the 2011 LHD experimental campaign and is the first application of the XICS diagnostic technique to helical plasma geometry. The XICS diagnostic provides measurements of ion and electron temperature profiles in LHD with a spatial resolution of 2 cm and a maximum time resolution of 5 ms (typically 20 ms). Ion temperature profiles from the XICS diagnostic are possible under conditions where charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) is not possible (high density) or is perturbative to the plasma (low density or radio frequency heated plasmas). Measurements are made by using a spherically bent crystal to provide a spectrally resolved 1D image of the plasma from line integrated emission of helium-like Ar(16 +). The final hardware design and configuration are detailed along with the calibration procedures. Line-integrated ion and electron temperature measurements are presented, and the measurement accuracy is discussed. Finally central temperature measurements from the XICS system are compared to measurements from the Thomson scattering and CXRS systems, showing excellent agreement.     

On the exciton profile in OLEDs-seamless optical and electrical modeling

We present a comprehensive model to simulate organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) that includes a seamless coupling of charges, excitons and photons. The comprehensive model accounts for the position dependent exciton lifetime due to the optical environment in the multilayer OLED structures. We first study the effect of different charge mobilities and quantum efficiencies of the light-emitting material on the exciton profiles. Moreover, we discuss the extension of an optical model to account for the exciton dynamics. This comprehensive optical model is validated and justified on the basis of consistency checks. Namely, we show that our comprehensive optical model can take the cavity effects as seen in simulation results of the comprehensive electrical model into account. The advantage of the comprehensive optical model is a quick and accurate insight into the exciton physics if applied together with a nonlinear least square (NLSQ) fitting method. Finally, we apply the comprehensive optical model with the NLSQ-method in order to extract the exciton profiles from emission spectra of a blue light-emitting polymer diode (PLED) measured at different current levels.     

The Haskell Refactorer, HaRe, and its API

We demonstrate the Haskell Refactorer, HaRe, both as an example of a fully-functional tool for a complete (functional) programming language, and to show the API which HaRe provides for building source-level program transformations for Haskell. We comment on the challenges presented by the construction of this and similar tools for language frameworks and processors.     

采用单独碳化室压力调节系统减少焦炉排放

PROven(R)系统的开发 为了减少焦炉的排放,过去已进行了多种技术的开发.但是从焦炉炉门、装料孔边缘等处逸散物的减少,已受到工艺技术的制约.一个基本的制约因素是,在集气总管内的压力和联接到总管的所有碳化室内的压力之间有着密不可分的关系.