Treatment issues arising in working with victims of violent crime and other traumatic incidents of adulthood.

This article examines treatment issues in the assessment and treatment of trauma resulting from incidents of adulthood, as exemplified by the experience of victims of violent crime. Issues addressed include resistance, trauma-engineered identifications, roles based on violence-based parataxic distortions, and recommendations for an integrative ongoing listening perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Countertransference issues in the assessment and treatment of trauma recovery with victims of violent crime.

This article examines countertransference in the assessment and treatment of recovery from traumatic incidents of adulthood, with specific focus on victims of violent crime. It reviews Freud's impediment theory, with particular attention to implications concerning empathic strain and vicarious traumatization. It introduces Wilson and Lindy's Type I Countertransference (avoidance), Type II Countertransference (overidentification), and their respective manifestations. It then proposes a Type III Countertransference (communicative) that applies a more totalistic perspective that utilizes concepts of splitting, projection, projective identification, and intersubjectivity. It differentiates between countertransference orientations to trauma that are content-based or processed-based as well as those that may be figure or ground. Finally, it presents some common countertransference reactions and roles that become enacted and therefore have treatment implications, examines the interaction between therapeutic and real relationships as contributors to those scenarios, and presents case examples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Transference issues concerning victims of violent crime and other traumatic incidents of adulthood.

This article examines transference in the assessment and treatment of trauma resulting from incidents of adulthood, with particular focus on the experience of victims of violent crime. In furtherance of treating the individual rather than a diagnosis, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, it proposes the term violence-based parataxic distortion (V-PD) to differentiate between projections and distortions based on traumatic experiences of the crime as distinct from transference reactions that relate to past object relationships, specifically with significant others from early development, self-organization, and characterological formation. The interplay between transference reactions, V-PDs, and the real relationship is examined, with illustrations. It is noted that distortions may arise regarding organizations, institutions, and governmental entities, as well as individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)