Vapor pressure measurements of arsenic and arsenic trioxide over condensed phases

The solid-vapor relations for arsenic in the temperature range from 680 to 840 K and the liquid-vapor relations for arsenic trioxide in the temperature range from 650 to 740 K were determined by direct vapor pressure measurements carried out with a quartz gauge. The resulting InP (total) vsT are : InP (atm) = 2545.1/T + 22.27 InT− 154.02 (for arsenic) and InP (atm) = −50983/T + 6.869 (for arsenic trioxide). Calculated enthalpy of vaporization (ΔH_v,T ⁰) for arsenic trioxide and enthalpy of sublimation (ΔH_s,298 ⁰) for arsenic are 42.36 kJ/mol and 156.13 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Acoustic emission in tests on materials in hydrogenous and corrosive media

Summary Acoustic-emission studies are surveyed for cracking resistance parameter determination in corrosive media, which have been made by the authors and by others. Acoustic emission AE has been applied in research on processes occurring in hydrogen and corrosion cracking. AE signal analysis enables one to identify crack initiation and the times between steps more accurately than do traditional methods, and also enables one to predict working life. However, further research is required on methods of identifying AE signals from various sources during failure in corrosive media.Translated from Fiziko-khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 26–36, September–October, 1990.     

Integrating a critique of gender in the treatment of male survivors of childhood abuse.

Argues that male survivors of childhood abuse typically suffer from the interacting legacies of the abuse and of their gender socialization. The experience of vulnerability and helplessness that makes up part of the core of the abuse experience violates the fundamental tenets of masculinity as it has been culturally elaborated. Therefore, psychotherapy with male survivors should include an active critique of traditional gender socialization. The goal of this aspect of treatment is to provide the survivor with the tools he needs to understand how his gender socialization may be exacerbating his abuse-related symptoms and obstructing his process of recovery. Treatment should include psychoeducation and reframing in order to gradually redefine rigid masculinity as patently unheroic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inflammatory cytokines inhibit upregulation of glycolipid expression by Schwann cells in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether products of inflammatory cells can inhibit differentiation and synthesis of myelin glycolipids by Schwann cells. BACKGROUND: Infiltration of the peripheral nervous system by inflammatory cells is a feature of acquired demyelinating neuropathies. It is not clear what role these cells have in causing demyelination or inhibiting myelin synthesis. METHODS: Nonmyelinating rat Schwann cells were incubated with 1) different concentrations of activated supernatants (AS) from mitogen-activated inflammatory cells; 2) 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8Br cAMP), known to induce Schwann cell differentiation and synthesis of glycolipids; 3) 8Br cAMP and varying concentrations of AS; 4) 8Br cAMP and cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), which inhibits Schwann cell proliferation; 5) 8Br cAMP, AS, and Ara C; or 6) additional medium. RESULTS: AS inhibits the capacity of cAMP to induce Schwann cell expression of myelin-associated glycolipids. Inhibition of glycolipid expression was independent of the capacity of these AS to induce Schwann cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that inflammatory mediators are capable of inhibition of Schwann cell differentiation and synthesis of myelin.     

Electric field enhancement and power absorption in microwaveTR-switches

An analytical and numerical investigation is made of electric field enhancement due to scattering of an incident plane wave by a biconical conductor. An application to microwave transmit-receive switches (TR) shows that field enhancement factors of the order of 20 to 40 are to be expected in the region close to the keep-alive contacts. An analysis of the microwave absorption by a small plasma sphere located in the vertex of the biconical conductor is also presented, showing that the plasma sphere absorbs a significant fraction of the incident power independently of the plasma size. This explains the observed absorption properties during the turn-on phase of TR switches     

Soliton cross-trapping: new method for bright soliton transmission at normal group velocity dispersion

It is demonstrated that the Kerr effect in an optical fibre can be used to trap energy in the form of a bright soliton-like pulse at normal group velocity dispersion (GVD) by means of a pair of oppositely phased bright solitons in the anomalous GVD range.<>     

Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

When 251 relapsing-remitting patients with multiple sclerosis were randomized to receive daily subcutaneous injections of glatiramer acetate, previously called copolymer 1 (Copaxone; n = 125) or placebo (n = 126) for 24 months, there were no laboratory abnormalities associated with glatiramer acetate treatment and it was well tolerated with few side effects. Patients receiving glatiramer acetate had significantly fewer relapses and were more likely to be neurologically improved, whereas those receiving placebo were more likely to worsen. This study was extended for 1 to 11 months (mean of 5.2 months for the glatiramer acetate group and 5.9 months for the placebo group). The blinding and study conditions used during the core 24-month study were unchanged throughout the extension. The results of this extension study confirm the excellent tolerance and safety profile of glatiramer acetate for injection. The clinical benefit of glatiramer acetate for both the relapse rate and for neurologic disability was sustained at the end of the extension trial.     

Antisera to bovine oligodendroglia raised in guinea pigs bind to surface of rat oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

Antisera against bulk isolated bovine oligodendrocytes was raised in 2 guinea pigs (GPaBO). The sera bound only to surface of rat oligodendrocytes in dissociated rat corpus callosum and cerebellar cultures and only to surface of Schwann cells in primary and secondary sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia cultures as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. No cells in muscle or retinal cultures bound the guinea pig antisera. The shared antigen does not seem to be either galactocerebroside (GalC) or a myelin basic protein. GPaBO can serve as a useful marker in double-label experiments to identify oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in dissociated cultures.