The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons is a challenging task because of the issues in controlling the efficiency and selectivity of the products. Among the various transition metals, copper has attracted attention as it yields more reduced and C2 products even while using mononuclear copper center as catalysts. In addition, it is found that reversible formation of copper nanoparticle acts as the real catalytically active site for the conversion of CO2 to reduced products. Here, it is demonstrated that the dinuclear molecular copper complex immobilized over graphitized mesoporous carbon can act as catalysts for the conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons (methane and ethylene) up to 60%. Interestingly, high selectivity toward C2 product (40% faradaic efficiency) is achieved by a molecular complex based hybrid material from CO2 in 0.1 m KCl. In addition, the role of local pH, porous structure, and carbon support in limiting the mass transport to achieve the highly reduced products is demonstrated. Although the spectroscopic analysis of the catalysts exhibits molecular nature of the complex after 2 h bulk electrolysis, morphological study reveals that the newly generated copper cluster is the real active site during the catalytic reactions. 相似文献
When dopants are indiffused from a heavily implanted polycrystalline silicon film deposited on a silicon substrate, high thermal
budget annealing can cause the interfacial “native” oxide at the polycrystalline silicon-single crystal silicon interface
to break up into oxide clusters, causing epitaxial realignment of the polycrystalline silicon layer with respect to the silicon
substrate. Anomalous transient enhanced diffusion occurs during epitaxial realignment and this has adverse effects on the
leakage characteristics of the shallow junctions formed in the silicon substrate using this technique. The degradation in
the leakage current is mainly due to increased generation-recombination in the depletion region because of defect injection
from the interface. 相似文献
OBJECTIVES: To compare gastric tonometry (pHi) with estimates of pHi in ill injured patients, and to correlate pHi with haemodynamic variables. DESIGN: Prospective, non-interventional study. SETTING: ICU of Level I trauma centre, USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 154 gastric tonometry measurements were compared with physicians' estimates of adequacy of resuscitation. Resuscitation was categorised as inadequate (pHi < 7.35) or adequate (pHi> or = 7.35). Measured and estimated pHi were also compared with oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, cardiac index, mixed venous O2 saturation, and critical illness scores. RESULTS: Estimated pHi was often higher than measured pHi in the judgement of all four surgical intensive care physicians. Measured pHi correlated positively with mixed venous O2 tension (r = 0.21). There were significant negative correlations between measured pHi and both oxygen delivery (r = -0.25) and oxygen consumption (r = 0.28). Estimated pHi correlated positively with mean arterial pressure (r = 0.21) and hospital day (r = 0.26); it correlated negatively with pulmonary arterial elastance (r = -0.35). CONCLUSION: Experienced intensive care physicians tended to overestimate visceral perfusion, which suggests that gastric tonometry adds useful information over and above routine haemodynamic indices. Arterial blood pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation correlated better with measured pHi than with other indices of perfusion. 相似文献
For complex reactions, the choice of reactor type is important for attaining optimum product yields. Strategies for specifying reactor types have beenIn this paper, product yield in a Van de Vusse reaction scheme has been studied for a wide range of the rate constants, in a reactor system consisting 相似文献
In this paper, an all-optical miniaturized binary to gray code converter is designed and analyzed. The all-optical domain is now an alternative for electronic devices, where performance and speed are the key issues. Code converters are significantly used in digital data transmission in the areas of error detection and correction. Gray code is one of the cyclic codes, where the cyclic shift of each codeword is also a code word. An all-optical XOR gate, realized using a Y-shaped power combiner is used in this design to generate the desired gray code from the given binary code. The insertion loss and extinction ratio parameters are found to be 0.347 dB and 22.26 dB, respectively. The entire simulation is carried out using finite-difference time-domain method. The obtained practical results are verified mathematically using MATLAB.
Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents the design a capacitive shunt type RF-MEMS switch with high isolation, high switching speed and low actuation voltage for Ka-band applications. The... 相似文献
The ability to trap, manipulate, and separate magnetic beads has become one of the key requirements in realizing an integrated
magnetic lab-on-chip biosensing system. In this article, we present the design and fabrication of an integrated magneto-fluidic
device for sorting magnetic particles with a sorting efficiency of up to 95%. The actuation and manipulation of magnetic beads
are realized using microfabricated square meandering current-carrying micro striplines. The current is alternated between
two neighboring micro striplines to switch the magnetic beads to either one of the two outlets. We performed a series of parametric
study to investigate the effect of applied current, flow rate, and switching frequency on the sorting efficiency. Experimental
results reveal that the sorting efficiency is proportional to the square of current applied to the stripline, and decreases
with increasing buffer flow rate and switching frequency. Such phenomena agree well with our theoretical analysis and simulation
result. The fastest switching rate, which is limited by the microchannel geometry and bead velocity, is 2 Hz. 相似文献
Process operability can be defined as the ability of a process to reject disturbances at a specified operating point and/or to move quickly and smoothly from one operating point to another operating point using a feedback control system. Unlike linear processes, the properties of nonlinear processes (e.g., stability, minimum phase condition, etc.) are different around different equilibria. Most existing operability analysis for nonlinear systems focuses on one particular operating point of interest. This paper addresses the issues of dynamic process operability at various operating points, including the reachability of all equilibrium points or output trajectories in an operating region, regardless of initial conditions. In this work, a nonlinear analysis approach is developed based on the concept of incremental stability. Conditions for incremental stability are derived based on incremental dissipativity. The links between input and output multiplicities and incremental dissipativity are explored. The dynamic control performance achievable in terms of the speed of the response of the closed-loop system and offset minimization is studied. A method for determination of incremental dissipativity using Linear Differential Inclusion (LDI) is also presented, to facilitate the dissipativity based operability analysis. 相似文献