暴雨山洪灾害预警指标计算方法比较研究

山区河流受地形地貌及降雨过程影响，洪水具有显著的陡涨陡落过程，这种短历时陡涨过程极大缩短了沿河居民的有效安全转移时间，给山洪灾害防治带来了极大困难。山洪预警预报是山洪灾害防治非工程措施的重要组成部分，一般分为水位预警和雨量预警。由于山区洪水历时短且监测站不足，水位预警在国内应用较少，传统流量反推法常以雨洪同频计算预警雨量，预警结果多出现漏警，不能满足防御山洪灾害的实际需求。为提高暴雨山洪的预警精度及预警时长，提出了基于洪水上涨率判定法和实时累积雨量法两种计算预警指标的新方法。以四川省金沙江支流中都河流域“8.16”山洪灾害为例，根据预警准确性及预警时长对三种预警方法的效果，探讨了与传统水位流量反推法的差异。结果表明：传统水位流量反推法的预警精度较低，难以达到预期的预警效果；洪水上涨率判定法的预警精度较高，但该方法的预警时长受洪水涨退特性影响，对延长预警时长有一定影响；采用基于小流域场次洪水与降雨过程变化关系的实时累积雨量法其结果均未出现漏警，且有效延长了预警时长，若以山洪灾害技术要求的30分钟为准，提出的新方法延长预警时长基本超过30%，满足预警要求。因此，建议在设定累积雨量阈值的基础上结合洪水上涨率进行灾害预警，以便更为有效地提高山洪灾害的预警准确率。     

植被条件下坡面薄层水流动力学特性试验研究

基于系列坡面流试验,研究了植被条件对坡面流水动力特性的影响。结果表明:相同流量与坡度条件下,由于柔韧植被的阻水作用,光面条件下的流速远大于柔韧植被作用的流速,随着植被刚度及密度的增加,坡面流流速、弗劳德数呈现递减趋势。由于植被阻水及水流混掺效应,Darcy-Weisbath阻力系数基本随雷诺数增大而增大,而一般研究认为阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小,由此表明,坡面阻力系数与雷诺数并不存在单调的递增或递减关系,而与坡面糙度单元组成存在较强的依赖关系。     

山区河流宽窄相间河段山洪水沙输移2维数值试验

山区河流山洪过程常挟带大量泥沙,并引发河床剧烈变形,尤其是宽窄相间河段河床急剧调整、水位陡涨极易增加展宽河段的洪水淹没风险,深入研究山洪演进的水沙输移及河床变形对于防洪减灾具有重要意义。本文采用二维水沙动力学数值试验探究了上游来沙变化条件下宽窄相间河段水沙输移及河床变形过程。结果表明：当上游来沙充足时,洪水携带泥沙在展宽段淤积、缩窄段冲刷,河床在泥沙输移过程中整体上抬;而当上游没有来沙时,河床整体呈现下切趋势。究其原因,主要在于河道饱和输沙导致河床整体淤抬,而河床淤抬导致上游水位陡涨增加水面比降,床面切应力变大,从而提高河道输沙率,而宽窄河段床面起伏则增大床面形态阻力,促使上游水位上涨;泥沙来量较少时,河床冲刷为主,水位下降、水面比降趋于变缓。     

渐变河道水流结构及局部水头损失特性研究

河宽渐变是天然河道的普遍形态特征.运用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了渐变河道模型的水流结构.试验结果表明:渐变河道形态对水流结构影响明显,在渐缩段和渐扩段产生二次环流,前者影响效应大于后者,且方向相反.基于SMS水动力学模型对渐变河道水流特性进行了二维数值模拟,与实测值吻合较好,并计算分析了局部水头损失系数沿程的变化...     

山区宽窄相间河段输水能力变化规律

输水能力变化直接影响该河段行洪安全,当输水能力不足时,洪水风险陡增。影响河道输水能力的因素众多,如床沙粒径引起河床粗糙度变化,植被等障碍物产生拖曳阻力等,边界变化影响河段输水能力机理和规律则研究较少。受到地形地貌影响,山区河段河宽变化较为常见,本文采用平面二维水流数值模拟试验,研究了窄段-宽段河宽比(窄宽比)和下游回水变化条件下山区宽窄相间河段水流运动变化规律。结果表明,宽窄相间河段整体表现为宽段壅水、窄段跌水,当缩窄段弗劳德数Fr>1,河段由急流转变为缓流,在窄段下游附近形成淹没式水跃;下游出口低水位时,随窄宽比减小,跌水-壅水-水跃分区效应越为显著,展宽段水头损失急剧增大,由此降低了宽窄相间河段的输水能力;随出口水位的增加,跌水-壅水效应减弱、水跃消失,展宽段水头损失变小,河宽变化影响降低,可显著提高宽窄相间河段输水效应。出口水位变化对展宽/缩窄水头损失峰值比随着河道窄宽比的降低而增大,最大损失比峰值高达6倍;在窄宽比情况下,出口水位变化对展宽/缩窄水头损失比的影响较大,均表现为先增加后减小,且出现损失比峰值的水位随着窄宽比增大而降低。本研究从机制上厘清了宽窄相间河段水位及流速沿程分布和水头损失特征,可为山区河流水沙灾害防治提供科学依据。     

冰碛土滑坡—泥石流—堰塞湖灾害链发展过程机理与模拟技术研究构想（特约稿）

青藏高原区域滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害频繁发生,灾害损失巨大,与之相关的科学研究一直是国内外研究的热点和难点。我国在堰塞湖减灾领域已经积累了丰富的实践经验,但是冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害演化过程非常复杂,涉及众多的物理力学机制和学科理论,复杂气象条件下冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖的动力形成机制、溃决冲刷及洪水演进灾害链的全过程演化分析与数值模拟方面尚需进一步研究。揭示冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞坝的链生放大机制和冰碛土堰塞湖溃决演进的动力灾变机理是实现冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害有效防控的关键,结合国内外冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖形成与溃决的相关研究现状,提出了冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害需要关注的几个重要研究方面：(1) 复杂气象条件下冰碛土力学性能演化;(2) 冰碛土滑坡-泥石流动力灾变过程与运移模型;(3) 冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖形成机理与仿真模拟;(4) 冰碛土堰塞坝冲刷溃决机理与流道拓展过程;(5) 下游河道水沙互馈作用机制与洪水演进模拟。并开展了大量前期探索和研究工作,初步揭示了冰碛土滑坡-泥石流运移与多期堵江机制,构建了能考虑水流侵蚀与溃口边坡间歇性崩塌的堰塞坝溃决演化模型,并探讨了冰碛土-滑坡-泥石流-堰塞坝灾害链演化过程模拟方法。研究结果为进一步弄清冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害链过程的复杂动力学机制、构建灾害链过程的控制性理论模型、开发全过程数值模拟系统奠定了基础,以期为冰碛土滑坡-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害链的成灾机理分析提供理论依据及为非工程避险与应急处置决策提供技术支撑。     

Experimental study of the flow structure of decelerating and accelerating flows under a gradually varying flume

The turbulence characteristics of both decelerating and accelerating flows under a gradually varying flume are investigated by using a three-dimensional down-looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter(ADV). The time-averaged velocity profiles are flatened except for the central parts, and fairly fit into logarithmic laws and those in the plane circulation under the gradual expansion are more likely to be negative. The complex secondary currents are identified under the present gradual transition attributed to the combination of driving forces induced by both the boundary configuration variation and the unbalanced turbulence: a circulation on each side of the expansion and a pair of circulations on each side of the contraction. One sees an anisotropy in the turbulence intensities, the turbulence intensities increase or level out with the flow depth except those under expansion, and the V component of the turbulence intensity typically outweighs that in the streamwise direction. Apart from the above results, the respective particular distributions of the primary Reynolds shear stresses(xy? and xz?) under the gradual expansion and contraction can account for the patterns of the secondary currents in this investigation.     

Longitudinal variations of hydraulic characteristics of overland flow with different roughness简

The evolution of the overland flow velocity along the distance downslope on smooth and granular beds in different cases is investigated by means of the electrolyte tracer via flume experiments.The results demonstrate that a non-uniform flow regime and a uniform flow regime exist in the development process of the overland flow.Owing to the different attributes of beds’roughness,the position of those zones with different flow regimes varies correspondingly:(1)the overland flow on granular beds enters into the uniform regime much sooner,additionally,the roll waves tend to appear because of the presence of the proper flow resistance imparted by the roughness(coarse sands),and large slopes(20o and 25o)which makes the flow velocities and depths to undulate spatially.Furthermore,the flow resistance of the overland flows with different roughness elements,that is the non-sands,the fine sands and the coarse sands,is calculated.A quadratic interpolation method of the third order accuracy is employed in the calculation of the longitudinal flow resistance.The results show that it is rational to use the bed slope to approximate the hydraulic energy slope over a relative small roughness(the present roughness),however on the other hand,if the mean flow velocities and depths rather than the local parameters are used to calculate the flow resistance,a considerable error will be induced within the non-uniform regime of the overland flows,including the acceleration zone and the roll-wave zone.     

山区宽窄相间河道平面二维水流数值模拟

针对山区河道受地质条件及河床演化的影响,其平面形态常呈现宽窄相间的渐变形态特征,采用贴体坐标法剖分正交贴体曲线网格求解域,用有限体积法离散控制方程,以SIMPLER计算程式求解耦合方程,建立山区宽窄相间河道平面二维水流数学模型。将模型计算值与宽窄相间水槽水流试验实测值及水动力学SMS软件计算结果进行比较,结果表明:该模型能够较好地模拟宽窄相间河道平面二维水流运动特性,宽窄相间河道河宽渐变将引起水深和流速的变化,在河道最窄处水深降到最低,流速最大;在河道最宽处水深达到峰值,流速最小。