Graphite Oxide and Aromatic Amines: Size Matters

Experimental and theoretical studies are performed in order to illuminate, for first time, the intercalation mechanism of polycyclic aromatic molecules into graphite oxide. Two representative molecules of this family, aniline and naphthalene amine are investigated. After intercalation, aniline molecules prefer to covalently connect to the graphene oxide matrix via chemical grafting, while napthalene amine molecules bind with the graphene oxide surface through π–π interactions. The presence of intercalated aromatic molecules between the graphene oxide layers is demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction, while the type of interaction between graphene oxide and polycyclic organic molecules is elucidated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical calculations describe the intercalation mechanism and the aniline grafting, rationalizing the experimental data. The present work opens new perspectives for the interaction of various aromatic molecules with graphite oxide and the so‐called “intercalation chemistry”.     

Time and cost securing in complex large-scale projects

Meeting time and cost objectives in complex projects involves specific problems and risks. An attempt is made to analyse the components of total cost increase of a project caused by time delay. An outline is given as to how these considerations can be used to estimate cost increases in investors' decision situations as well as to ascertain fair contractual penalties and claims for compensation and for the evaluation of justified project acceleration costs.     

A damage model for creep crack growth

A model is developed for damage produced by the growth of isolated grain boundary cavities under power law creep. This damage model is combined with the small scale yielding stress and strain fields to predict the damage ahead of a stationary and a steadily propagating crack tip in an elastic-power law creeping material. A failure criterion, based upon the damage ahead of the crack tip attaining a critical value, is invoked. This criterion leads to predictions for the incubation time prior to initiation of crack growth and for the relationship between the remote stress intensity factor and the steady state crack speed. Results are presented for both elastic-primary and -secondary creep crack growth. In either case, there exists a minimum stress intensity factor below which steady state crack growth is not possible. Comparisons of the predictions of this model with others for steady state crack propagation in elastic-secondary creeping materials are also made.

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Résumé On développe un modèle décrivant le dommage produit par la croissance de cavités isolées aux frontières des grains sous l'effet d'un fluage selon une loi parabolique. Ce modèle d'endommagement est combiné aux champs de contrainte et de déformation conduisant à une plastification à petite échelle, en vue de prédire le dommage qui se produit en avant de l'extrémité d'une fissure stationaire et en propagation lente, dans un matériau soumis à fluage selon une loi élastique. On invoque un critère de rupture basé sur la valeur critique atteinte par le dommage en avant de l'extrémité de la fisure. Ce critère conduit à prédire le temps d'incubation avant amorçage de la croissance d'une fissure, ainsi que la relation entre le facteur d'intensité des contraintes appliquées à une certaine distance et la vitesse de croissance stable de la fissure.On présente les résultats dans les cas de croissance d'une fissure de fluage au stade secondaire. Dans les deux cas, il existe un facteur d'intensité de contrainte minimum en dessous duquel une croissance stable de la fissure n'est pas possible. On procède également à des comparaisons des prédictions données par ce modèle avec d'autres, pour la propagation en état stable d'une fissure dans des matériaux soumis à fluage secondaire élastique.