Italian multicentre study on microbial environmental contamination in dental clinics: a pilot study

The dental practice is associated with a high risk of infections, both for patients and healthcare operators, and the environment may play an important role in the transmission of infectious diseases. A microbiological environmental investigation was carried out in six dental clinics as a pilot study for a larger multicentre study that will be performed by the Italian SItI (Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health) working group "Hygiene in Dentistry". Microbial contamination of water, air and surfaces was assessed in each clinic during the five working days of the week, before and during treatments. Air and surfaces were also examined at the end of the daily activity. A wide variation was found in microbial environmental contamination, both within the participating clinics and relative to the different sampling times. Microbial water contamination in Dental Unit Water Systems (DUWS) reached values of up to 26 × 10⁴ cfu/mL (colony forming units per millilitre). P. aeruginosa was found in 33% of the sampled DUWS and Legionella spp. in 50%. A significant decrease in the Total Viable Count (TVC) was recorded during the activity. Microbial air contamination showed the highest levels during dental treatments and tended to decrease at the end of the working activity (p < 0.05). Microbial buildup on surfaces increased significantly during the working hours. As these findings point out, research on microbial environmental contamination and the related risk factors in dental clinics should be expanded and should also be based on larger collections of data, in order to provide the essential knowledge aimed at targeted preventive interventions.     

完善中铜一期选厂工艺流程实现达产达标

1　小组概况建组时间:1981年7月小组性质:现场管理、攻关型小组活动情况:每月活动一次以上,有记录,有报表循环次数:已完成15个ＰＤＣＡ循环本次循环时间:1997年4月～12月注册编号:1997-05小组成员:见表1表1　铜选厂选矿ＱＣ小组情况一览表姓　名文化程度职务、职称组内职务姓　名文化程度职务、职称组内职务钟国健本　科副厂长、工程师组　长庞烈新高　中维修班班长组　员王团生本　科厂长、工程师副组长方长宽高　中维　修　工组　员李辉跃本　科助理工程师副组长张保国高　中值班长、技师组　员龙赞林高　中副厂长、技师组　员吕新才高　…     

Change in contact temperature of finger touching on cold surfaces

This study deals with human fingers touching cold surfaces of four materials (aluminium, steel, nylon and wood) at different surface temperatures (−20°C, −15°C, −10°C, −4°C, 0°C and 2°C). Contact finger skin-surface interface temperature and subjective responses on thermal and pain sensations were determined during touching. Type of material and their surface temperature clearly affected the contact cooling of the finger. Individual variation in finger contact cooling was significant. Contact temperature limits for human fingers touching cold surfaces are suggested according to the experimental results. In addition, time to reach a critical temperature (7°C, 5°C or 0°C) when contacting a cold metallic surface is discussed.

Relevance to industry

The outcome of this experimental study supplies as a basis for the development of an ergonomics database to determine temperature limit values for cold touchable surfaces. The critical temperatures are relevant to all industries where cold surfaces cause a risk of finger contact cooling for the manual protection in the cold operations.     

宁波市职业教育改革和发展的实践研究（摘要）

本课题是一个实践研究课题，通过对新形势下职业教育特点和规律的分析，以职业教育如何适应经济、社会、人民群众日益提高的要求为核心，从经济社会要求、全面发展要求、现代终身教育要求、市场经济体制要求、现行法律法规政策要求等角度，确定了宁波职业教育改革和发展的指导思想、实践策略和措施。经过几年努力，取得了显的实践成果。     

解读家用插头插座GB 2099.1-2008版标准

GB 2099.1-2008(<家用和类似用途插头插座第1部分:通用要求>、GB 1002-2008<家用和类似用途单相插头插座型式、基本参数和尺寸>、GB 1003-2008<家用和类似用途三相插头插座型式、基本参数与尺寸>3项标准将于2009年8月1日分别代替GB 2099.1-1996、GB 1002-1996和GB 1003-1999.     

2008年焊接材料年度技术报告(三)——纵观焊接材料发展,启示产业战略调整

(接上期) 6 浅谈有色金属焊接材料 6.1 有色金属焊接材料的发展现状 6.1.1 有色金属焊接材料的作用日益显著 进入21世纪,中国有色金属产业迅速发展,生产和消费规模不断扩大.已成为全球最大的有色金属生产和消费国.     

全力以赴抓普查 摸清家底促发展

<正>澄城县地处渭北旱塬东北部,距陕西省会西安180 km,全县土地面积1 121 km2,辖8个镇6个乡266个村,总人口40万。为进一步掌握全县水利工程现状,根据国务院《第一次全国水利普     

纹制系统简介

介绍了ZSWZ纹制系统的原理、特点及纹样读取、纹织信息编辑,纹板冲孔部分的工作过程。     

第十七届中国国际机床展览会特种加工机床评述

通过对第十七届中国国际机床展览会(CIMT 2021)参展特种加工机床的现场观摩、资料收集以及与参展厂商的交流座谈,对国内外电加工机床、激光加工机床、增材制造机床的技术特点及发展趋势进行了比较深入和系统的评述,并对特种加工机床的应用与市场发展进行了分析.