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This study presents a comparative analysis of surface characteristics and properties of anodised aluminium cylinders produced by sand casting, permanent mould casting, extrusion, and high pressure die casting. Differences in micro structure and distribution of silicon particles in the aluminium, due to the fabrication method and the silicon content in the alloy, resulted in varying thickness of the oxide layers (mean thicknesses between 7 and 19 μm) and surface topography. The oxide layer was unevenly thick for the permanent mould cast and the sand cast cylinders, resulting in a surface with higher plateaus and lower areas. This was more prominent for the sand cast surface. The oxide of the extruded cylinder was thick and even and its surface was smooth. The high pressure die cast surface had an oxide that was very thin and uneven. The surfaces displayed different results in the scratch test due to the variations in the surface structure. For the permanent mould cast and the sand cast surfaces the silicon particles present in the oxide deflected the cracks that were formed during the scratching. This resulted in smaller wear debris. The nanohardness values of the oxides had a large scattering due to the inhomogeneous nature of the oxide layers, with pores and particles. However, the highest nanohardness values were between 5000 and 6000 MPa for the four surfaces, which is significantly lower than that of sintered alumina. In the micro abrasion test the wear mechanism for all four surfaces was microcutting resulting in chippings.  相似文献   
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Sprinkling is often used in Scandinavia to protect round wood stored for industrial use from fungal and insect attack and drying cracks. Log yard runoff can be harmful for the water recipient due to eutrophication and oxygen depletion. A wetland system for treatment of log yard runoff is being evaluated in central Sweden. The purification capacity of a sloping couch grass (Elytrigia repens L.) field was examined when log yard runoff was applied to the field through a sprinkling system. Water samples were taken from groundwater pipes during four summer seasons (May to September, 2002–2005) and analysed for total organic carbon, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen and distillable phenols to evaluate the purification capacity of the infiltration wetland. Results from 2002 to 2004 were compared with results from 2005 when the irrigation intensity was considerably lower. Overall, the results showed good purification capacity although the concentrations of TP in the groundwater increased during 2005. The reduced hydraulic load did not increase purification.  相似文献   
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Mechanical stresses imposed on protective oxide scales can lead to cracking and failure of the scale and consequently to a loss of the protective properties. Therefore, an assessment of the mechanical stability limits is of great interest. In this work, a new concept using defect based oxide scale stability diagrams to assess the mechanical stability limits is discussed. In contrast to mechanical failure diagrams proposed earlier, the presented model is based on physical defect size instead of scale thickness. Nickel oxide scales on high purity (99.99 %) nickel were thermally grown in dry and humidified synthetic air to provide a model oxide system. SEM investigations were carried out to examine the physical defect structure in the oxide scales and mechanical 4-point bend testing was used to measure the critical strain for through scale cracking. The data served for establishing a data base for the validation of the defect based scale failure model.  相似文献   
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Sulphur/sulphate containing additives, such as elemental sulphur (S) and ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4), can be used for sulphation of KCl during biomass combustion. These additives convert KCl to an alkali sulphate and a more efficient sulphation is normally achieved for ammonium sulphate compared to sulphur. The presence of SO3 is thus of greater importance than that of SO2. Oxygen and volatile combustibles could also have an effect on the sulphation of gaseous KCl. This paper is based on results obtained during co-combustion of wood chips and straw pellets in a 12 MW circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. Ammonium sulphate was injected at three positions in the boiler i.e. in the upper part of the combustion chamber, in the cyclone inlet, and in the cyclone. The sulphation of KCl was investigated at three air excess ratios (λ = 1.1, 1.2 and 1.4). Several measurement tools were applied including IACM (on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides), deposit probes (chemical composition in deposits collected) and gas analysis. The position for injection of ammonium sulphate had a great impact on the sulphation efficiency for gaseous KCl at the different air excess ratios. There was also an effect of oxygen on the sulphation efficiency when injecting ammonium sulphate in the cyclone. Less gaseous KCl was reduced during air excess ratio λ = 1.1 compared to the higher air excess ratios. The optimal position and conditions for injection of ammonium sulphate were identified by measuring KCl with IACM. A correlation was observed between the sulphation of gaseous KCl and reduced chlorine content in the deposits. The experimental observations were evaluated using a detailed reaction mechanism. It was used to model the effect of volatile combustibles on the sulphation of gaseous KCl by SO3. The calculations supported the proposition that the presence of combustibles at the position of SO3 injection (i.e. AS) causes reduction of SO3 to SO2.  相似文献   
6.
This paper is based on results obtained during co-combustion of wood pellets and straw in a 12 MW circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. Elemental sulphur (S) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) were used as additives to convert the alkali chlorides (mainly KCl) to less corrosive alkali sulphates. Their performance was then evaluated using several measurement tools including, IACM (on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides), a low-pressure impactor (particle size distribution and chemical composition of extracted fly ash particles), and deposit probes (chemical composition in deposits collected). The importance of the presence of either SO2 or SO3 for gas phase sulphation of KCl is also discussed. Ammonium sulphate performed significantly better than elemental sulphur. A more efficient sulphation of gaseous KCl was achieved with (NH4)2SO4 even when the S/Cl molar ratio was less than half compared to sulphur. Thus the presence of gaseous SO3 is of greater importance than that of SO2 for the sulphation of gaseous KCl.  相似文献   
7.
F. Riddar  Å. Kassman Rudolphi  S. Hogmark 《Wear》2009,267(12):2269-2277
Pneumatic clutch actuators, employed in trucks, have been investigated. The surfaces of the inside of the anodised aluminium cylinders, of the lip seals and of the guiding rings have been studied by SEM and optical microscopy. For most of the actuators no significant wear was revealed. However, one actuator, with leakage problems, was severely worn. An extensive amount of scratches was found on the cylinder surface, the thickness of the guiding ring had decreased and large parts were missing from the lip seal. A possible explanation is that particles have entered the system thus altering the contact conditions. A test setup was developed to investigate how particles present in the system affect the wear. A part of the piston, with lip seal and guiding ring, slides against a part of the anodised aluminium cylinder in a back- and forward motion. Pure silicone grease lubricated tests resulted in no wear. Tests with added dust particles resulted in distinct scratches on the aluminium surface and embedded particles in the guiding ring and the lip seal. These tests provide results in good agreement with the wear revealed in the investigations of used actuators and support the theory that wear is caused by particles.  相似文献   
8.
Implantation of B has been performed into an epitaxially grown layer of 6H SiC, at two different B concentrations, 2×1016 cm−3 and 2×1018 cm−3. Subsequently, an epitaxial layer was regrown on the B implanted layer. The samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In the highly B-doped layers plate-like defects were found, associated with large strain fields, and an increased B concentration. These defects were stable at the originally implanted region during regrowth and at anneal temperatures up to 1700°C. In the samples implanted with the lower B concentration, no crystal defects could be detected by TEM. No threading dislocations or other defects were observed in the regrown epitaxial layer, which shows the possibility to grow a layer with high crystalline quality on B implanted 6H SiC. By SIMS, it was found that B piles up at the interface to the regrown layer, which could be explained by enhanced diffusion from an increased concentration of point defects created by implantation damage in the region. B is also spread out into the original crystal and in the regrown layer at a concentration of below 2×1016 cm−3, with a diffusion constant estimated to 1.3×10−12 cm2s−1. This diffusion is most probably not driven by implantation damage, but by intrinsic defects in the grown crystal. Our investigation shows that the combination of implantation and subsequent regrowth techniques could be used in SiC for building advanced device structures, with the crystal quality in the regrown layer not being deteriorated by crystal defects in the implanted region. A device process using B implantation and subsequent regrowth could on the other hand be limited by the diffusion of B.  相似文献   
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