Einfluß der Korngröße auf mechanische Eigenschaften und den ungeschmierten reversierenden Gleitverschleiß von Al2O3-Keramik

Influence of grain size on mechanical properties and dry oscillating sliding wear of Al₂O₃-ceramics Specimens with average grain sizes varying between about 0.8 μm and 12 μm were produced by cold isostatic pressing of high purity Al₂O₃-powder followed by sintering between 1300°C and 1700°C. Hardness, Young's modulus, bending strength and fracture toughness were measured as a function of average grain sizes. Tribological tests were carried out on the different microstructures at normal laboratory air and room temperature by using a ring-on-block tribometer. Experimental results showed the dependence of mechanical properties on grain size, hardness and bending strength obeying a Hall-Petch type relation, approximately. Coefficient of friction was relatively independent of grain size under the test conditions used. However, wear intensity increased substantially if a critical grain size was surpassed. This was due to a change in mechanisms of material removal which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopical studies of the worn surfaces.     

Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the avian brain: functional implications for neural sex differences and sexual behaviors

Developmental and seasonal changes in the production of androgens, estrogens, and progestins seem to control sex-specific differentiation and seasonal changes in appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors of birds. This results in profound sex differences in the quality (sex-specific) or quantity (sex-typical) of behaviors such as courtship, territoriality, or copulation. Steroids affect the brain by binding to intracellularly located receptors. The same brain areas express androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in male and female brains. Sex differences in these genetically determined patterns occur in the size of neuron populations that intrinsically express sex steroid receptors. Further permanent sex differences are subsequent to degenerative fates of receptor expressing neuron populations during ontogeny. Transient sex differences in receptor expression appear to be due to area-specific up- and down-regulation of receptor levels, reflecting transient changes in the level of circulating steroids, changes in environmental conditions, or in the physiological status of the individuals. In particular, intrinsic sex differences in the expression pattern of sex steroid receptors and steroid-independent regulation of the expression level of these receptors in the brain are limiting mechanisms for gonad-dependent sexual development and activities.     

Einfluß des Makroaufbaus von Stahl/Polymer-Faserverbundwerkstoffen auf den Abrasivverschleiß

Influence of the Structure of Steel-fiber-reinforced Plastics on Abrasive Wear The structure of steel/polymer composites has been systematically varied. Abrasive wear resistance of the steel-fiber-reinforced composites has been measured against flint and SiC by using a model wear apparatus. Area or volume fractions, diameter and hardness of the unidirectionally oriented continuous steel fibers and the mean free path between the fibers have been changed. In addition, the effects of the hardness and the chemical structure of the polymeric matrix have been studied. The influence of structural parameters on abrasive wear are quantitatively described.     

Bruchzähigkeit von Härtungsgefügen des Werkzeugstahls 90 MnCrV 8

Thermische und thermomechanische Behandlungen an Kaltarbeitsstahl. Rißausbreitung unter statischer und schwingender Belastung. Einfluß von Restaustenit, Carbiden, Austenitkorngröße und Härte. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Gefüge und Bruchflächen.     

Friction and wear of ZrO2-TiO2 surface-alloyed Al2O3 ceramics in unlubricated sliding contact

Slightly and highly porous Al₂O₃ ceramics were surface remelted and alloyed by adding ZrO₂ and TiO₂ using infrared CO₂ laser radiation. The resulting composite layers of thickness of about 200 m?m contained about 31 vol.% of ZrO₂- and TiO₂-rich phases which were homogeneously distributed at the grain boundaries of the alumina matrix. Microstructures and worn surfaces were analysed by electron microscopy and EDX analysis. Tribological tests were carried out unlubricated using conditions of abrasive wear and oscillating slinging wear, respectively. The results showed that the average grain size and hardness of the ceramics were reduced due to alloying. Despite decreasing hardness the wear resistance was substantially increased. Friction and wear of the untreated ceramics depended strongly on the amount of porosity which was removed or substantially reduced by laser treatment. Surface alloying of Al₂O₃ ceramics can offer an effective process for producing components showing very different surface and bulk properties and particularly improved tribological behaviour. For the alloying elements and experimental conditions used, the improvement was more pronounced in wear resistance than in friction coefficient.     

Einfluß des Gefüges und der Belastung auf den Wälzverschleiß des martensitaushärtbaren Stahles X 2 NiCoMo 1885

Unterschiedlich ausscheidungsgehärtete Gefüge des Stahles X 2 NiCoMo 1885 wurden in einem Zwei-Scheiben-Prüfstand einer Wälzbeanspruchung bei Mangelschmierung unterzogen. Der Einfluß der Gefüge bei gleicher und unterschiedlicher Härte sowie der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Hertzscher Pressung auf das Verschleißverhalten wurden untersucht. Als Meßgrößen zur Beurteilung des Widerstandes gegen Wälzverschleiß wurden die Reibungszahl, die Laufflächenrauheit und der massenmäßige Verschleißbetrag ermittelt. Es zeigte sich, daß der martensitische, ausscheidungsgehärtete Stahl unter den gewählten experimentellen Bedingungen den Stählen 42 CrMo 4 und X 155 CrVMo 121 deutlich im Widerstand gegen Wälzverschleiß überlegen war.     

Einfluß des Gefügezustandes auf die Rißausbreitung unter zügiger Beanspruchung bei einem ausscheidungshärtbaren Stahl mit 38% Ni und 6% Al

Spannung-Dehnung-Kurven bei einachsiger Zugbeanspruchung und Rißöffnung für vorkritische und instabile Rißausbreitung bei Raumtemperatur bei einem ausscheidungshärtbaren austenitischen Stahl mit 0,005% C, 5,80% Al und 38,61 % Ni in zehn verschiedenen Gefügezuständen. Zusammenhang zwischen den bruchmechanischen Kennwerten und den im Zugversuch ermittelten Kennwerten. Beziehungen zwischen den bruchmechanischen Kennwerten und kennzeichnenden Gefügemerkmalen, wie zum Beispiel Teilchendurchmesser, Teilchenabstand und Korndurchmesser.     

Water Reuse Fit for Purpose by a Sustainable Industrial Wastewater Management Concept

Water shortage is often a challenge for industrial park developments. To ensure a more sustainable water supply, the Industrial Wastewater Management Concept with a focus on Reuse (IW²MC→R) provides a strategy to meet the challenges. Main requirements to achieve water reuse fit for purpose are optimized wastewater treatment, an optimized sewer and pipe system, and an innovative water quality monitoring concept. To evaluate water‐reuse concepts, a reuse factor is calculated, which relates to all wastewater inflows to the central wastewater treatment plant and all reuse‐water flows.     

Micro- and macro-tribological properties of SiC ceramics in sliding contact

Surface properties of single-crystalline and polycrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) specimens were measured using atomic force/friction force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and nano-indentation techniques. Running-in behavior during sliding tests in vacuum was studied on self-mated SiC pairs as a function of surface quality produced by machining. Tribological mechanisms were analyzed in short-time tests using a high-resolution micro-tribometer and then were related to results obtained from macro-tribological tests in humid air and in the presence of distilled water. Information on the structure, chemical composition and properties of SiC surfaces resulting from measurements on the nanoscale can be very useful for explaining tribological performance under far different operating conditions such as in vacuum or air, with contact areas ranging from diameters of a few nanometers to one millimeter and initial applied contact pressure from about 1 MPa to 3 GPa. Friction and wear mechanisms are discussed as functions of surface composition and roughness, vacuum and humidity of air.