Effects of breed and age at slaughter on degradation of muscle lipids during processing of dry‐cured hams

Hams from Landrace, Duroc and Hampshire pigs slaughtered at ages 6, 7.5 and 9 months were processed to generate Norwegian Parma‐style hams. Lipid contents and the compositions of fatty acid classes (ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA) within neutral lipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids were determined. Small differences in lipid degradation and composition of the classes were revealed. However, significant sensory differences related to lipids were observed. Breed was more important than age. Dry‐cured Hampshire hams gave a more intense mature odour that may be associated with higher overall lipid degradation. Unexpectedly, these hams also demonstrated high juiciness and tenderness, which could be related to the melting characteristics of the fat. Dry‐cured Duroc hams showed a higher susceptibility towards rancidity, presumably associated with preferential oxidation of n‐6 fatty acids relative to C18:1 n‐9. Dry‐cured Landrace hams showed the lowest juiciness and tenderness, likely due to their lower fat content (marbling).     

Solid-state13C NMR investigations of insoluble deposits in aromatic bitters

Insoluble deposit formed in aromatic bitters produced from alcoholic extracts of about 30 different botanical materials with a dry matter content of 1.67% and 38 vol% alcohol and a characteristic astringent flavour was shown by¹³C NMR spectroscopy to be a coprecipitate of plant polyphenols, proteins and carbohydrates. The polyphenols in the deposit were flavonoids such as anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, with glucose as the principal carbohydrate and derivatives of cinnamic acid. The deposit formation in the aromatic bitters was accelerated by addition of the radical initiator 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride or by addition of hydrogen peroxide in combination with iron(III) nitrate and ascorbic acid as a Fenton reagent. Polymerization of catechin and pelargonidin was shown, in model experiments, to be oxidative and to be accelerated by exposure to light. A mechanism involving oxidative polymerization of polyphenols followed by coprecipitation of polymerized polyphenols, proteins and carbohydrates is proposed for formation of deposits in alcoholic beverages of the bitters type.     

What is a free name in a process algebra?

There are two popular approaches to specifying the semantics of process algebras: labelled transition semantics and reaction semantics. While the notion of free name is rather unproblematic for labelled transition semantics this is not so for reaction semantics in the presence of a structural congruence for unfolding recursive declarations.We show that the standard definition of free name is not preserved under the structural congruence. We then develop a fixed point approach to the set of free names and show that it is invariant under the structural congruence.     

Chronically Elevated Exogenous Glucose Elicits Antipodal Effects on the Proteome Signature of Differentiating Human iPSC-Derived Pancreatic Progenitors

The past decade revealed that cell identity changes, such as dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation, accompany the insulin-producing β-cell decay in most diabetes conditions. Mapping and controlling the mechanisms governing these processes is, thus, extremely valuable for managing the disease progression. Extracellular glucose is known to influence cell identity by impacting the redox balance. Here, we use global proteomics and pathway analysis to map the response of differentiating human pancreatic progenitors to chronically increased in vitro glucose levels. We show that exogenous high glucose levels impact different protein subsets in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, regardless of concentration, glucose elicits an antipodal effect on the proteome landscape, inducing both beneficial and detrimental changes in regard to achieving the desired islet cell fingerprint. Furthermore, we identified that only a subgroup of these effects and pathways are regulated by changes in redox balance. Our study highlights a complex effect of exogenous glucose on differentiating pancreas progenitors characterized by a distinct proteome signature.     

The Effect of Small Additions of Fe and Heavy Deformation on the Precipitation in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si At. Pct Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The effect of 0.03 and 0.08 at. pct Fe additions on the formation of secondary phases in an Al–1.1Mg–0.5Cu–0.3Si at. pct alloy was...     

Static analysis of topology-dependent broadcast networks

Broadcast semantics poses significant challenges over point-to-point communication when it comes to formal modelling and analysis. Current approaches to analysing broadcast networks have focused on fixed connectivities, but this is unsuitable in the case of wireless networks where the dynamically changing network topology is a crucial ingredient. In this paper, we develop a static analysis that automatically constructs an abstract transition system, labelled by actions and connectivity information, to yield a mobility-preserving finite abstraction of the behaviour of a network expressed in a process calculus with asynchronous local broadcast. Furthermore, we use model checking based on a 3-valued temporal logic to distinguish network behaviour which differs under changing connectivity patterns.     

Oxygen transmission rates of packages at ambient,chill and freezing temperatures measured by the AOIR method

The ambient oxygen ingress rate (AOIR) method is an alternative or supplementary method to Ox‐Tran for measuring the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of packages. The method has high capacity, requires relatively inexpensive equipment and measures OTR at different temperatures and humidity conditions. The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to study the effect of temperature on the OTR for packages produced from different polymer materials and laminates, and on the other hand to evaluate the suitability of the AOIR method at freezing temperature conditions. The OTR for 10 packages with different polymer compositions was measured at 23°C, 6°C and ?25°C. The AOIR method was shown to be a reliable test method for measuring OTR of packages at all the applied test conditions, also at frozen storage temperature. The OTR for the packages decreased with lower temperatures, especially for the packages with the highest OTR values at 23°C. In order to avoid higher packaging expenses than necessary to obtain the required shelf‐life for different food products, the OTR for alternative packages should be measured at the temperature and humidity conditions of intended use. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Special issue: The International Conference on Soft Computing and Machine Intelligence

Neural Computing and Applications -     

Different metabolic and absorption patterns of betaine in response to dietary intake of whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone or rye aleurone in catheterized pigs

In the present study, a novel method of measuring the uptake of nutrients by 1H NMR spectroscopy was performed to determine dietary effects. Six pigs catheterized in the portal vein and mesenteric artery were fed breads made from whole-wheat grain (WWG), wheat aleurone flour (WAF; 19?% aleurone of bread) or rye aleurone flour (RAF; 15?% aleurone of bread) in a repeated 3?×?3 crossover design. Three meals were provided daily (at 0, 5 and 10?h), and each period comprised of 1?week. Portal and arterial blood samples were collected at fasting (?30?min) on day 4–7, and on day 7, pooled blood samples were collected at 0–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–7.5 and 7.5–10?h after first (0?h) daily meal. Using the arterial-venous difference and ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis, plasma betaine was found to accumulate during the experimental period. On day 7, plasma betaine concentrations was 20–40?% higher than when feeding the WAF diet compared with RAF and WWG (P?=?0.001), whereas the content of betaine in the WAF diet was about twice as high. The arterial-venous difference showed a tendency (P?=?0.078) for the diet–time interaction of betaine absorption in the absorption phases but there was no diet effect (P?=?0.31), which indicates a steady-state absorption has been reached on day 7. Furthermore, high plasma betaine levels correlated with low plasma creatine of endogenous origin. In conclusion, the explorative method revealed that the plasma concentration and absorption of betaine were differentially modified by the diets.