Oil sludge is obtained from the contaminated site of Bahregan area in the Persian Gulf in Iran. Chemotaxis was used for the isolation of alkane-degrading bacteria from oil sludge and the alk genes were determined with specific primers. bac1 identified in Thalassospira was selected as a powerful strain for biodegradation of oil sludge. Biodegradation of oil sludge by bac1 in the presence of nanoparticles was investigated by GC-MS analysis. Synergistic effect of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on bacteria increases the biodegradation of oil sludge and produces cyclosiloxane compound which is used in the field of medicine; however, the Thalassospira reduced its toxicity in the environment. 相似文献
Composite membranes of sulfonated poly(ethersulfone)/1,1-carbonyl diimidazole/1-(3-aminopropyl)-silane/silica (SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2) with silica of various contents (3, 5 and 8 wt%) were prepared as electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Comparison was made with pure SPES and SPES/SiO2. The properties of the composite membranes were studied by FTIR, TGA, XRD, water and methanol uptake, proton conductivity. SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2 membranes were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed good adhesion between the modified sulfonic acid (-SO3H) groups of SPES and silica because of cross-linking with covalent bond formation and reduced cavities in the composites. This effect played an important role in reducing water uptake, methanol uptake and methanol permeability of the SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2 composites. The water and methanol uptake and also methanol permeability of the SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2 composite membrane with 8% SiO2 were found in the order 3.58%, 2.48% and 1.91×10?7 (cm2s?1), lower than those of SPES and Nafion 117. In SPES membrane of 16.94% level of sulfonation, the proton conductivity was 0.0135 s/cm at 25 °C, which approached that of Nafion 117 under the same conditions. Also, the proton conductivity of the SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2 8% membrane was 0.0186 s/cm, which was higher than that of SPES at room temperature. The preparation of SPES/SiO2 composites in the presence of AS and CDI, led to 63%, 56% and 64% reduction of water uptake, methanol uptake and methanol permeability, respectively without a sharp drop in proton conductivity of the composite membranes which featured a good balance between high proton conductivity, water and methanol uptake of SPES/CDI/AS/SiO2 membranes. 相似文献
Journal of Materials Science - Chitosan is one of the natural cationic polymers with unique properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, environmentally friendly that has... 相似文献
The Kouh-e Zar mining area is located in the central part of the “Khaf–Bardaskan” volcanic-plutonic zone, NE Iran. Mining activity has resulted in pollution of soil and water resources by potentially toxic elements including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), antimony (Sb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). In this study, the major source of heavy metal pollution and elucidating the probable environmental risks associated with this area were determined by quantifying pollution in soils and water resources. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the Kouh-e Zar mining area varied in the range of 5–470, 33–442, 25–5125, 81.15–12,096.27 and 55–4210 mg/kg, respectively. The geo-accumulation index for Cd in all samples was extremely high (Igeo > 5) and the enrichment factor also shows an extremely high amount (EF > 40), both representing evidence for highly polluted soil in the area. However, the coefficients of aqueous migration (Kx) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were Kx < 0.1, so they are classified as “least mobile and inert” grade. Also, the heavy metals tend to remain in soil (solid environment). Cluster analysis (CA) determined the lithogenic origin for Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd, and the anthropogenic origin (mining activity) for Pb in the soils of the mining area. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in water are controlled by free Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxide content in the soils. Both water–rock interaction and mining activity have contributed to pollution in the area.
In this paper a 4-bit 720 MHz low-power successive approximation register ADC is simulated in a 0.18 µm digital CMOS process. By using both of the 2-bit/step and time-interleaved techniques, a high sampling frequency is obtained. To simplify the SAR ADC in low-bit applications, the analog switches are eliminated and replaced with inherent digital switches of SAR logics. The power supply, resolution, sampling frequency, SNDR, and power consumption of the proposed SAR ADC are 1.8 V, 4-bit, 720 MHz, 22.1 dB, and 10 mW. 相似文献
To stabilise power oscillation, power system stabilizer is often used as an effective device to enhance the damping of electromechanical oscillations in power systems. This device is working with small-signal stability, which is often applied as part of excitation control system. Different methods have been proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of remote signals application in increasing damping of power system. In this paper, we used both local and remote signals control based on fuzzy controller and wide-area control, respectively. Accordingly, Takagi Sugeno controller based an intelligent algorithm and clustering algorithm is optimised. A global signal from the centralised controller is employed in wide-area control scheme to damp out the inter-area mode as well as local mode of oscillations. To demonstrate the capability of proposed strategy, three case studies have been used in this paper. The results obtained demonstrate the validity of the proposed model. 相似文献