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This study explores the emergence of the living labs movement based on a literature review and interviews with experts acquainted with early living labs. The study contributes to the growing literature on innovation through living labs by addressing a research gap on why and how this movement is evolving. So doing, the study discusses the emergence of living labs from the perspectives of: (i) early living lab pioneers; (ii) early living lab activities in Europe, especially at Nokia Corporation; (iii) EU funding that supported the creation of living labs; (iv) national living lab networks; and (v) the multinational European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). Moreover, upon highlighting major events in the emergence of living labs, the study identifies three consecutive phases of the global living lab movement: (i) toward a new paradigm; (ii) learning from experience; and (iii) professional living labs. 相似文献
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Ion Tiseanu Matej Mayer Teddy Craciunescu Antti Hakola Seppo Koivuranta Jari Likonen Cristian Ruset Cosmin Dobrea 《Surface & coatings technology》2011
Tungsten erosion, its subsequent transport and redeposition are of great interest, because a full tungsten divertor is foreseen to be used during the deuterium–tritium operational phase of ITER. The erosion of tungsten and carbon marker layers was extensively studied in the outer divertor of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), and work is currently in progress to completely replace the existing JET CFC tiles with tungsten-coated tiles within the JET ITER-like wall project. The need for fast and non-destructive method which allows the quantitative determination of the thickness of a tungsten coating on a carbon material on large areas led us to evaluate a combined absorption/fluorescence X-ray (XRTF) technique. The method can provide fast analysis, high spatial resolution and a material selective detection of deposited layers and inclusions. It was applied on W coated fine grain graphite (FGG) tiles from AUG's divertor. It is proved that the method is able to provide information about the uniformity of the tungsten coating on a graphite or CFC substrate whilst the technique can be used to determine the thickness of the tungsten and other marker materials coatings. It represents a unique instrument for the post-mortem analysis of the coatings. 相似文献
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Yrjö Viisanen Juha Hatakka Seppo Ahonen Markku Kulmala 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(1):224-229
By means of a simple optical apparatus the levels and variations of concentrations of elemental carbon in particles were measured. Additionally, relations between variations of elemental carbon, lead, sulfate, total suspended particle, and nitrate concentrations were studied. Calibration was performed on real samples analyzed by a wet chemical method. 相似文献
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For demanding applications high steel cleanliness and strictly controlled inclusions are required. Primary inclusions are formed during steel treatments in the ladle. Most of these are removed to the ladle slag or on the lining. However, the rest of the inclusions still remain through the successive process stages, and additionally new inclusions are formed during casting and solidification due to decreasing thermodynamic solubility of oxygen in the steel at lower temperatures, reactions with surrounding slag, refractory materials and eventual contact with air. Inclusions formation and transformation are simulated by thermodynamic calculations in the steel/inclusions/slag system taking into account the solidification phenomena. In this paper inclusions in Si/Mn‐deoxidised steel and Al‐deoxidised Ca‐treated steels are contributed. Calculations are compared with experimental results from steel plants. 相似文献
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Kirsti Rouvinen-Watt Anne-Mari Mustonen Rebecca Conway Catherine Pal Lora Harris Seppo Saarela Ursula Strandberg Petteri Nieminen 《Lipids》2010,45(2):111-128
Hepatic lipidosis is a common pathological finding in the American mink (Neovison vison) and can be caused by nutritional imbalance due to obesity or rapid body weight loss. The objectives of the present study
were to investigate the timeline and characterize the development of hepatic lipidosis in mink in response to 0–7 days of
food deprivation and liver recovery after 28 days of re-feeding. We report here the effects on hematological and endocrine
variables, body fat mobilization, the development of hepatic lipidosis and the alterations in the liver lipid classes and
tissue fatty acid (FA) sums. Food deprivation resulted in the rapid mobilization of body fat, most notably visceral, causing
elevated hepatosomatic index and increased liver triacylglycerol content. The increased absolute amounts of liver total phospholipids
and phosphatidylcholine suggested endoplasmic reticulum stress. The hepatic lipid infiltration and the altered liver lipid
profiles were associated with a significantly reduced proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the livers and the decrease
was more evident in the females. Likewise, re-feeding of the female mink resulted in a more pronounced recovery of the liver
n-3 PUFA. The rapid decrease in the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in response to food deprivation could trigger an inflammatory response
in the liver. This could be a key contributor to the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease in mink influencing disease progression. 相似文献