煤矸石对矿山环境的影响及其防治

论述了煤矸石对环境的不利影响及减少和防治各种不利影响的相应措施，并从利用煤矸石发电、制建筑材料、造肥料以及充填煤矿塌陷区复垦造田等方面介绍了煤矸石的综合利用。     

硬质合金成形刀具的设计和制造

设计制造复杂的硬质合金成形刀具，已成为大多数机加为主的工厂的当务之急，此文立足现有技术条件，总结了一些这方面的小经验。     

小孔模子制造新工艺

图1是挤压不锈钢零件的模子,孔径为φ0.12毫米,由于孔小,加工比较困难。我们用线切割加工两半模子新工艺制成了高速钢及硬质合金模具。1.线切割:按图2切出半模,此半模比半圆稍大0.03毫米,外径为φ10d,同时,中心还切出了φ0.12毫米的半孔。2.钳工研磨至光洁度(?)11以上,并保证每件正好是半圆,这     

金矿区水系沉积物重金属含量影响分析

通过对比金矿区水库底泥剖面与邻区水系沉积物重金属含量,评价了底泥中砷、铬、汞、铅、铜、锌等重金属的污染现状;结合剖面不同层位物理性状,分析了影响重金属富集的两个因素:一是沉积物自身的吸附作用,二是区域矿业活动的强弱.     

小秦岭金矿带枣香河重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因

为了研究小秦岭金矿带河流中重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因,利用野外调研、室内淋溶试验、数据测试分析等手段,对枣香河河水和底泥中重金属和氰化物进行了时空剖析。其研究表明,河水水质污染严重,水质类别主要是劣Ⅴ类和Ⅴ类水,污染河段占93.09%,河水中主要污染物为汞、铅及氰化物。通过对近年河水断面水质对比分析得出,重金属、氰化物已经造成枣香河水的持续污染。河流中重金属主要以底泥的形式存在,底泥中铜、铅污染最严重。河水污染成因主要为山区采矿活动、山外傍河选冶作业;河水的稀释、混合作用;底泥的吸附作用、生物化学的降解作用等。影响因素主要为污染物总量及其降解速率、水系沉积物颗粒粒径、地形地貌等。     

某河流底泥重金属污染地质累积指数评价

通过对双桥河流域进行环境调查,采集了底泥样品,分析了重金属含量,应用地质累积指数对河流底泥进行了评价。其结果表明:汞的地质累积指数为-1.01～2.39,76.92%采样点为Ⅱ级,属于中度污染;铅的地质累积指数为-0.07～2.19,3.85%采样点达到Ⅲ级,属中度污染到强污染,65.38%采样点达到Ⅱ级,属中度污染;镉的地质累积指数为-0.32～1.55,30.77%采样点达到Ⅱ级,属中度污染,50.00%采样点达到Ⅰ级,属无污染到中度污染;铬、砷基本没有污染;铜、锌地质累积指数平均值为0≤Igeo<1,达到Ⅰ级,属于无污染到中度污染;汞、铅的污染较为严重。     

某矿区土壤及作物中汞的分析与评价

文中对某金矿区农田土壤及作物进行了调查。采集样品分析其中汞的含量,结果表明,农田土壤汞的含量范围为0.21～20.30mg/kg,均值为2.23mg/kg,高出对照区土壤值6.96倍;与土壤环境质量二级标准比较,最大超标倍数19.3,平均超标1.23倍,超标样本达到58.67%,土壤受到汞的轻度污染。作物中汞的含量范围为0.001～1.35mg/kg,均值为0.196mg/kg,平均值超过食品卫生限量标准18.6倍;作物中汞的含量分布规律是叶菜类果实类块根类,达到警戒水平的样本在74.28%以上。该研究成果可为环境污染的防治提供科学依据。     

基于无人机与Photoscan的矿山地质环境三维立体建模及应用

随“两山”理论的加强推行和实践，矿山地质环境防治工作愈发重要，其中无人机三维立体建模技术的应用对矿山地质环境防治工作具有十分重要的推动作用。本文采用小型四旋翼无人机和Photoscan软件建立三维立体模型的技术方法，以宁东能源化工基地羊场湾煤矿的1km2范围为研究区，定性、定量化研究了煤矸石堆场、地面沉陷等矿山地质环境问题。基于构建的三维立体模型，计算出煤矸石堆场体积及压占土地面积，地裂缝长度、走向与宽度，地面沉陷面积以及最大沉陷值，测量长度相对误差小于0.5%，面积相对误差小于1%。该方法与传统测量和其他建模技术方法相比，具有低成本、便捷的优势，为矿山地质环境调查评价提供新的手段，丰富和发展了矿山地质调查技术方法。     

大柳塔煤矿开发土壤重金属污染响应研究

陕西大柳塔煤矿区的大柳塔、活鸡兔和哈拉沟矿井,年产原煤超过了3000万t,此外还有众多的地方及个体煤矿。调查研究20年来矿区煤炭资源开发活动对土壤重金属污染的影响,可为脆弱生态环境条件下的大规模煤炭资源开发环境保护提供借鉴经验。通过43件表层土壤样品的采集、分析与评价结果表明,与全国栗钙土背景值比较,除Ni以外,其它元素存在不同程度的累积超标现象,汞是研究区最普遍的累积污染元素,土壤重金属综合累积污染以重度污染为主,占全部污染样本的58.14%。但土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等8种重金属元素含量,均没有超过土壤环境质量二级标准的限值,且土壤综合污染指数小于0.2,属清洁土壤。因此,矿区土壤虽受到了一定程度的累积污染,但低于土壤环境质量二级标准值,尚有较大的环境容量。     

Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region,Shaanxi,China

Soil, crop and residents' hair over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, China, which was selected as a case study, were sampled and analyzed for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As and Zn concentrations. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil or crop and hair samples were used to assess their potential ecological risks, or to find the responses to these metals as evidences to prove the potential risk was coming down to observed harm, respectively. The results showed that, these metals in soil were ranked by severity of ecological risk as Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Zn, based on their single-element indexes. In the view of the potential ecological risk indexes, of all soil samples, about half had significantly high or high potential ecological risk, which covered more than 74% of the studied region. Most of the risks were 97.41% from Hg, Pb and Cd, especially, 84.37% from Hg. Both the single-element and potential ecological risk indexes indicated that, the ecological risk grades had a special spatial characteristic, and increased from northwest to southeast generally. This was agreed with the spatial distribution of the strength in gold mining activities over the studied region. The concentrations of Hg and Pb were higher than their relative backgrounds in the corps, and were even 9.48 and 25.09 times higher than their relative backgrounds in residents' hair, respectively. All these showed that the heavy metals in the soil had a high potential ecological risk, especially, had been affecting these crops' growing and yield, and even the residents' health through food strains. Obviously, these metals' potential ecological harm had been coming down to observed harm to the ecology.