p‐Type Optoelectronic and Transparent Conducting Oxide Properties of Delafossite CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2

CuAl_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ delafossite was prepared using a solid‐state reaction method to investigate its optical and electronic transport properties. CuAl_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ formed a hexagonal delafossite structure with an Rm space group. The positive Seebeck coefficient and the direct optical gap of 3.6 eV confirmed that the CuAl_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ delafossite in a p‐type transparent conducting oxide. The fluorescence emission at 390 nm (green emission) confirmed that CuAl_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ has a direct transition band gap. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a weight loss of 1.2%, caused by the intercalation of O atoms, which produced hole carriers from the different ionic radii at the B sites. The electric conductivity at room temperature was thermally activated, as predicted by the small‐polaron hopping mechanism, with an activation energy of 75 meV and a charge transport energy of 61 meV. CuAl_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ delafossite exhibited p‐type optoelectronic behavior and is a transparent conducting oxide, which may be crucial in the p‐type photonic and electrode industries.     

Investigation of Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer in Fluidized Bed Using a Combined CFD-DEM Model

Fluidized beds are widely used in many industries because they are effective for both mixing and drying. The distinct element method (DEM) has recently received more attention for investigating the phenomena of multiphase flow because the technique is effective in gathering detailed information on complex phenomena without physically disturbing the flows. However, most studies have focused on the aerodynamics of the particles. In this study, a combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-DEM model, which allows prediction of gas and particle temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients in a two-dimensional fluidized bed, was developed. The predicted results were compared with the experimental results at the superficial gas velocities of 2.04, 2.22, and 2.41 m/s and at the controlled inlet temperature of 343 K. Based on the comparison between the predicted and experimental results, it was found that the developed model performed adequately in predicting the gas temperature profiles, and the predicted particle temperature profiles were higher than the experimental data. The predicted heat transfer coefficient was slightly higher than the experimental data. However, the predicted and experimental results had a similar trend in which the heat transfer coefficient increased as a function of an increase in superficial gas velocity. In addition, the minimum fluidization velocity predicted by the developed model agreed well with the experimental data. Such predictions can provide essential information on temperature and heat transfer coefficients inside the fluidized bed for design and scale-up.     

Optimization of titanium dioxide film prepared by electrophoretic deposition for dye-sensitized solar cell application

Nanocrystalline TiO₂ films were deposited on a conducting glass substrate by the electrophoretic deposition technique. It was found that the thickness of TiO₂ film increased proportionally with an increase in deposition time and deposition voltage. However, as the deposition duration or deposition voltage increased, the film surface was more discontinuous, and microcracks became more evident. The characteristic of the dye-sensitized solar cell using TiO₂ film as a working electrode was analyzed. The results of the energy conversion efficiency and the photocurrent density exhibited a relationship dependent on the TiO₂ thickness. Curve fitting of energy conversion efficiency vs. TiO₂ thickness revealed the optimum solar cell efficiency ~ 2.8% at the film thickness of ~ 14 μm.     

Improved Dielectric and Nonlinear Electrical Properties of Fine‐Grained CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics Prepared by a Glycine‐Nitrate Process

Pure CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ was successfully prepared by a glycine‐nitrate process using a relatively low calcination temperature and short reaction time of 760°C for 4 h. Fine‐grained CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramics with dense microstructure and small grain size were obtained after sintering for 1 h. The nonlinear coefficient of a fine‐grained CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramic calculated in the range 1–10 mA/cm² was found to be very high of ~16.39 with high breakdown electric field strength of 1.46 × 10⁴ V/cm. This fine‐grained CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramic also exhibited a very low loss tangent of 0.017 at 20°C with temperature stability over the range ?55°C to 85°C. The grain growth rate of the CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramics was found to be very fast after increasing the sintering time from 1.5 to 3 h, leading to formation of a coarse‐grained CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramic with grain size of about 100–200 μm. The dielectric permittivity of this coarse‐grained ceramic was found to be as high as 1.03 × 10⁵ with a low loss tangent of 0.054.     

Critical analysis of Thailand’s past energy policies towards the development of a new energy policy

This research originated from the researchers’ participation in the Thai senate Committee on Energy. It studies energy strategies and guidelines for Thailand’s energy development in line with the country’s potential, its energy resources as well as the needs of the Thai people with the ultimate goal to help bring about sustainable energy development. The research found that continuing dependence on natural gas crisis will pose a major threat with sustainable development of energy. According to its current power development plans, Thailand will likely increase its dependence on natural gas. The country should therefore diversify the use of energy sources since over-dependence on a single fuel will create risks to energy security, especially security of the fuels used in the generation of electricity. It is imperative to increase promotion of measures for energy conservation and energy efficiency, including measures to reduce fuel consumption and switching to renewable energy.     

Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Electrospun La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Nanostructures

La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (abbreviated as LSMO) nanostructures were fabricated by a simple electrospinning using a solution that contained poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), lanthanum, strontium and manganese nitrates. The LSMO nanostructures were successfully obtained from calcination of the as-spun LSMO/PVP composite nanofibers at 500–900 °C in air for 7 h. The as-spun and calcined LSMO/PVP composite nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of phase composition by XRD revealed that all the calcined samples have a single rhombohedral LSMO phase. The SEM results showed that the crystal structure and morphology of the LSMO nanofibers were affected by the calcination temperature. Crystallite size of the nanoparticles contained in nanofibers increased with an increase in calcination temperature. The specific saturation magnetization (M _s ) values were obtained to be 1.23, 28.61, and 40.52 emu/g at 10 kOe for the LSMO samples calcined respectively at 500, 700, and 900 °C. It is found that the increase of the tendency of M _s is consistent with the enhancement of crystallinity, and the values of M _s for the calcined LSMO samples were observed to increase with increasing crystallite size. This increase in M _s for the calcined LSMO samples with increasing crystallite size may be explained by considering a magnetic domain of the samples.     

Hydrogen adsorption of Li functionalized Covalent Organic Framework-366: An ab initio study

This work deals with the investigations of hydrogen adsorption energies of the Li functionalized Covalent Organic Framework-366 (COF-366) by using the density functional theory method. Based on total energy calculations, it was found that Li atom is preferentially trapped at the center site of the tetra(p-amino-phenyl) porphyrin and the onN site of a terephthaldehyde chain. Moreover, hydrogen adsorption energies per H₂ for 1–3 H₂ loadings range from 0.03 to 0.22 eV. According to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, our results found that hydrogen capacities of Li functionalized COF-366 at ambient pressure are 2.06, 1.58, and 1.05 wt% for 77, 150 and 298 K, respectively.     

Thermoelectric properties of transition metals-doped Ca<Subscript>3</Subscript>Co<Subscript>3.8</Subscript>M<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>9+δ</Subscript> (M = Co,Cr, Fe,Ni, Cu and Zn)

The thermoelectric properties of the Ca₃Co₄O_9+δ and the transition metals-doped Ca₃Co_3.8M_0.2O_9+δ (where M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn) ceramics were reported. Ca₃Co₄O_9+δ single phase was checked by using X-ray diffraction analysis performed for the Ca₃Co_3.8M_0.2O_9+δ samples. The scanning electron micrographs showed some degrees of grains alignment in the compacted direction. The resistivity of the samples measured from 100 up to 700 °C varies in magnitude for different transition metals substitution. The variation of resistivity was explained by a change of carrier concentration induced by the doped ions. The thermopower increased with increasing temperature but showed no obvious change for any transition metals doping. The thermal conductivities changed for the doped samples but were relatively independent of temperature. The ZT was calculated to be the highest for the Fe substitution for the whole measurement temperature with the maximum value of 0.12 at 700 °C.     

Synthesis and characterization of Al2O3 nanopowders by a simple chitosan-polymer complex solution route

Al₂O₃ nanopowders were synthesized by a simple chitosan-polymer complex solution route. The precursors were calcined at 800–1200 °C for 2 h in air. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR and TEM. The results showed that for the precursors prepared with pH 3–9 γ-Al₂O₃ and δ-Al₂O₃ are the two main phases formed after calcination at 800–1000 °C. Interestingly, when the precursor prepared with pH 2 was used, α-Al₂O₃ was formed after calcination at 1000 °C, and pure α-Al₂O₃ was obtained after calcination at 1200 °C. The crystallite sizes of the prepared powders were found to be in the range of 4–49 nm, as evaluated by the XRD line broadening method. TEM investigation revealed that the Al₂O₃ nanopowders consisted of rod-like shaped particles and nanospheres with particle sizes in the range of 10–300 nm. The corresponding selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the formation of γ- and α-Al₂O₃ phases in the samples.     

Dramatically enhanced non-Ohmic properties and maximum stored energy density in ceramic-metal nanocomposites: CaCu3Ti4O12/Au nanoparticles

Non-Ohmic and dielectric properties of a novel CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂/Au nanocomposite were investigated. Introduction of 2.5 vol.% Au nanoparticles in CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramics significantly reduced the loss tangent while its dielectric permittivity remained unchanged. The non-Ohmic properties of CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂/Au (2.5 vol.%) were dramatically improved. A nonlinear coefficient of ≈ 17.7 and breakdown electric field strength of 1.25 × 10⁴ V/m were observed. The maximum stored energy density was found to be 25.8 kJ/m³, which is higher than that of pure CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ by a factor of 8. Au addition at higher concentrations resulted in degradation of dielectric and non-Ohmic properties, which is described well by percolation theory.