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1.
In a series of 3 experiments modeled after infant studies, 3- to- 6-year-old children’s intuitive knowledge about support was assessed. Different objects were shown either sufficiently supported or not. Children had to predict whether a block would remain standing on a platform upon release or make perceptual judgments about the possibility of a shown block-on-platform configuration. Overall, performance was strongly age-related and independent of task context. Sensitivity for the amount of contact between object and support was clearly evidenced for each of the age-groups tested and was almost perfect in 5- and 6-year-olds. By contrast, sensitivity for the proportion of an object’s volume positioned over the support was only marginally reliable in 3-year-olds and still far from perfect in 6-year-olds. It is concluded that basic intuitions about support undergo distinct developmental change beyond infancy and are not yet fully developed in kindergartners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
Sabine Krist Stefanie Bail Heidrun Unterweger Martin B. Ngassoum Ahmed M. Mohagir Gerhard Buchbauer 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2006,108(7):583-588
Shea butter is used as an edible vegetable fat in many African countries. It can be utilized as a substitute or complete replacement for cocoa butter in various applications and plays an important role in traditional African medicinal practice. Although detection of volatile compounds by solid‐phase micro‐extraction gas‐chromatography mass‐spectroscopy (SPME‐GC‐MS) is a very reliable and reproducible technique, which can be used as an important part of authenticity checking, production monitoring and contamination detection, no published data about volatile compounds of shea butter are available so far. In this investigation, the characteristic volatiles in the headspace of original African shea butter samples were identified by using SPME‐capillary‐GC coupled to a mass selective detector. Almost 100 different volatile components were identified, e.g. fatty acids, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, terpenes, and typical Maillard reaction products such as methylfuranes and pyrazines. Furthermore, the samples have been olfactorily evaluated by a panel of professional flavorists and trained analytical chemists. It can be stated that variations in processing conditions of shea butter result in considerable differences in the composition of headspace volatiles, detected by SPME‐GC‐MS and human olfaction. 相似文献
3.
Miguel Mussati Krist Gernaey Rafiqul Gani Sten Jørgensen 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2002,4(2):100-114
A nitrogen removal benchmark was analyzed using the Activated Sludge Models No. 1 (ASM1) and No. 3 (ASM3) in order to establish
a basis for designing an experimental comparison of the two model types. Differences in steady state effluent concentrations
predicted by both models could to a large extent be explained by different model concepts. The steady state system performance
was analyzed by evaluating the Monod factor values, and through a sensitivity analysis of the kinetic model parameters. Both
methods complement each other. Analysis of the Monod factor values can lead to determination of parameters to be estimated
during model calibration. The steady state system response to manipulation of the potential actuators for control was evaluated
via a sensitivity analysis. The concept of relative sensitivity was introduced to compare the relative effect of each actuator
in both models. The negative relative sensitivities of X
S to four of the five control handles analyzed imply an opposite response of both models, which can be important for control
structure design. The analysis of the process behavior to different disturbances showed different dynamics of both models.
ASM3 simulation results are easier to interpret because the model structure is more transparent, mainly due to the simpler
cell decay model principle considered in ASM3. An inverse response was obtained for the return sludge and nitrate recycle
flow rate, indicating that multivariable control design is required.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
4.
Laser ablation of FOX-7: proposed mechanism of decomposition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A novel high-energy explosive material, FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene), was studied using a combination of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The LIBS technique uses short laser pulses (an ArF excimer laser) as the energy source to convert small quantities of a sample into plasma and to induce the emission of its molecular fragments or atoms. SIFT-MS is a novel method for absolute quantification based on chemical ionization using three reagent ions, with the ability to determine concentrations of trace gases and vapors of volatile organic compounds in real time. SIFT-MS was used to study the release of NO, NO(2), HCN, HONO, HCHO, CH(3)CH(2)OH, and C(2)H(2) after laser ablation of the explosive compound FOX-7 in solid crystalline form. The radiation emitted after excitation was analyzed using a time-resolved UV-vis spectrometer with an ICCD detector. The electronic bands of CN (388 nm), OH (308.4 nm), and NO (237.1 nm) radicals and the atomic lines of C, N, and H were identified. 相似文献
5.
In Australia, the key regulatory body, the Meat Standards Committee (MSC) of the Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ) and the Export Meat Industry Advisory Council (EMIAC) have accepted in principle the usefulness of predictive microbiology for science-based regulation. The predictive microbiology approach is being used in a range of areas including hot-boning, distribution of meat, retailing of meat, fermentation, plant breakdowns and extended chilling regimes. 相似文献
6.
Séverine Thérèse F.C. Mortier Timothy Van Daele Krist V. Gernaey Ingmar Nopens 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2013,59(4):1127-1138
The development of a Population Balance Model (PBM) for a pharmaceutical granule drying process requires a continuous growth term; the latter actually represents the drying process as the moisture content is the internal coordinate of the PBM. To establish such a PBM, a complex drying model for a single granule needs reduction in complexity. The starting point is a detailed model that describes the drying behavior of single pharmaceutical granules. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) was performed to detect the most sensitive degrees of freedom in the model as these need to be retained in the reduced model. Simulations of the complex drying model were, in a next phase, used to develop the reduced model, which describes the decrease of the moisture content in function of the gas temperature. The developed reduced model was then included in a Population Balance Equation (PBE) to describe the drying behavior of a population of granules. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1127–1138, 2013 相似文献
7.
8.
Aberham Hailu Feyissa Krist V. GernaeyJens Adler-Nissen 《Journal of food engineering》2012,109(2):281-290
Similar to other processes, the modelling of heat and mass transfer during food processing involves uncertainty in the values of input parameters (heat and mass transfer coefficients, evaporation rate parameters, thermo-physical properties, initial and boundary conditions) which leads to uncertainty in the model predictions. The aim of the current paper is to address this uncertainty challenge in the modelling of food production processes using a combination of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, where the uncertainty analysis and global sensitivity analysis were applied to a heat and mass transfer model of a contact baking process. The Monte Carlo procedure was applied for propagating uncertainty in the input parameters to uncertainty in the model predictions. Monte Carlo simulations and the least squares method were used in the sensitivity analysis: for each model output, a linear regression model was constructed and the standardized regression coefficients (SRCs) and R2 were computed. The effect of input parameters on model predictions was calculated, and the relative impact of the parameters on each of the outputs was ranked. Results of the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can be used to prioritize future experimental efforts, as discussed for the contact baking process. 相似文献
9.
10.
Lenka Chvátalová Lubomír Beníček Kristýna Berková Roman Čermák Martin Obadal Vincent Verney Sophie Commereuc 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2012,124(4):3407-3412
The influence of annealing temperature on the kinetics of polymorphic changes and mechanical properties within the time in isotactic poly(1‐butene) (PB‐1) has been investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and tensile testing. Extruded tapes of PB‐1 have been exposed to several annealing temperatures: ?22, +5, +22, +40 and +60°C. The evolution of content of Phase I for various annealing temperatures upon time shows predominantly S‐shaped trend. Annealing temperature considerably affects the overall rate of transformation in PB‐1. On the other hand, the resulting mechanical properties are solely controlled by the polymorphic composition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 相似文献