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Book reviews

     

The Structure of the Irreversibly Bound Adhesion Promoter-Substrate Interfacial Layer of γ-Aminopropylsilanetriol on Crystalline Si, as Measured by XPS and FTIR

The irreversibly bound interfacial layer deposited by the γ-aminopropysilanetriol adhesion promoter onto a crystalline silicon substrate, which remains even after profuse washing, was found by XPS to have resulted from the fragmentation and rearrangement of the original γ-aminopropylsilanetriol molecule. A mechanism is proposed, involving the homolytic scission of the terminal N-C bond. One of the subsequent reactions is believed to involve hydrogen loss by abstraction and the formation of a terminal vinyl group, which bonds to the substrate. Support for this mechanism is found in IR spectroscopy of this layer.     

Thermophoretic Control of Submicron-sized Particulate Recontamination

Thermophoresis is the movement of particles in a thermal gradient. It has the advantages of being simple to set up and to carry out. Here, it is used to prevent the recontamination of emitted particles smaller than 0.5 μm during the dry laser cleaning of particles not chemically bound to the substrate. Its use permits the efficiency of such dry laser cleaning to be greatly improved. A comparison between the thermophoretic and laminar flow techniques is carried out, showing that thermophoresis is more efficient.     

The importance of peripheral topics: the example of polymermetallization

The nature of the polymer-metal interface and its significance in microcircuitry are examined. The question of ohmic contact is considered. The example of polymer metallization demonstrates that peripheral issues can often be of critical importance to the functioning of a device     

Antireflection-coated blue GaN laser diodes in an external cavity and Doppler-free indium absorption spectroscopy

Commercially available GaN-based laser diodes were antireflection coated in our laboratory and operated in an external cavity in a Littrow configuration. A total tuning range of typically 4 nm and an optical output power of up to 30 mW were observed after optimization of the external cavity. The linewidth was measured with a beterodyne technique, and 0.8 MHz at a sweep time of 50 ms was obtained. The mode-hop-free tuning range was more than 50 GHz. We demonstrated the performance of the laser by detecting the saturated absorption spectrum of atomic indium at 410 nm, allowing observation of well-resolved Lamb dips.     

Laser-Enhanced Gas Phase Surface Modifications of Teflon AF1600 for Increased Copper Adhesion

Multilevel interconnect devices, made of alternating layers of a low permittivity polymer (e.g., Teflon AF1600^TM) and a low resistivity metal (e.g., copper), are increasingly being used in microelectronics in order to decrease the RC signal transmission time delay. The mechanical stability of the multilevel interconnects is related to the adhesion developed at the metal-dielectric interface. Since Cu/Teflon AF1600 adhesion is moderate and may not satisfy the requirements of the microelectronics industry, new treatments of the fluoropolymer surface are needed to improve it. In this note, we present several surface modifications, such as the formation of reactive sites during intense X-ray exposure, and S- or N-grafting, activated by UV radiation in the presence of H₂S and NH₃; copper is well known to react with both thiols (R—SH) and amines (R—NH₂) to form strong bonds. Both X-ray exposure and N-grafting lead to enhanced adhesion.     

Methods for generating spectral reflectance functions leading to color-constant properties

The Munsell color order system was rigorously defined for illuminant, observer, and surround. Using Nayatani's nonlinear model of chromatic adaptation, approximately colorconstant 1931 CIE tristimulus values for the notations of the Munsell Book of Color were calculated for a variety of continuous-spectrum illuminants between CIE A and 7600 K daylight. Several linear-programming models were devised for generating spectral reflectance functions that integrate to these tristimulus values. The most successful of these was a model based on an approximate-hue vector in tristimulus space, in which movement off and along this vector was restricted. Restrictions were also applied to the rate of change of reflectance with wavelength, following Ohta, and the model led to relatively smooth curves, comparable to those of real colorants. Indices of color constancy were devised to estimate the accuracy of the predictions. Comparisons with actual reflectance functions from physical samples revealed, in most cases, an improvement in color constancy and hue constancy.