伊莫·麦凯伯

<正>Sylyester Mittee"我使用一支180mm镜头将画面聚焦在紧紧缠绕的绷带上。我看到过有些广告画面明显在模仿这幅作品,但他们永远无法捕捉这样一幅完美作品的精髓。轻微晃动给画面带来了独特的氛围。"     

10大关键单反技巧

无论你是刚刚学习摄影的新手,还是处于瓶颈期的老手,重新开始学习基础知识,都能给你带来新的突破。现在就让Chris Rutter给大家提供十条能够提高自己拍摄水平的必备技巧。或许数十年的磨练,才能带来一幅精彩的作品;但无论水平高低,掌握一些基础的摄影技巧或许就能拍摄出让人刮目相看的照片。接下来,我们就打算向大家介绍十条每个摄影师都应该掌握的基础拍摄技巧,从对焦到构图、从白平衡到光线条件,一针见血地指出初学者的常见问题,提高对于基本技巧的掌握,帮助大家使用最简单的方     

Performance Effects of Exploratory and Exploitative Innovation Strategies and the Moderating Role of External Innovation Partners

In today's dynamic environment, the involvement of external partners in the innovation process is frequently assumed to be a panacea to cut costs while improving outcomes. In this study, we scrutinize how different collaboration types influence the effects of exploitative and exploratory innovation strategies on new product development (NPD) performance. For our analyses, we draw on a survey comprising a sample of 254 technology-based German firms. Our findings indicate that exploitative strategies are best pursued without comprehensive external collaborations, while the involvement of several partners in a balanced approach is most promising for exploratory strategies. Joint exploration with competitors, in particular, shows the highest effects on NPD performance. The paper discusses the findings and provides several implications for future research.     

Determination by photoreduction of flip-flop kinetics of spin-labeled stearic acids across phospholipid bilayers

Spin-labeled stearic acid derivatives (N-DS) can be used to determine the rate at which lipid-derived drugs can cross a phospholipid bilayer (flip-flop). The flip-flop rate of N-DS (where N=5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16), was measured using vectorial photoreduction of nitroxides to their corresponding hydroxylamine by FMN, a charged, membrane-impermeable flavin, by hydrogen atom transfer from EDTA. From the time difference in the photoreduction rates of N-DS located in the outer and inner half of the bilayer, the flip-flop rate of N-DS across the bilayer can be determined. The results show that at pH 8.0 or lower, the photoreduction of 5-DS on one side of the membrane by FMN is slower than the flip-flop rate of 5-DS across phospholipid bilayers. For 5-DS at pH 7.0, this rate is at least 33.8+/-4.24 s or faster. Stearic acids with the spin label at different positions along the acyl chain (N=5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12) have similar flip-flop rates in the liposomes at pH 7.0 although 16-DS is slower, probably due to the inaccessibility of the nitroxide moiety to FMN. It is most likely that the fast distribution of 5-DS in cells is due to the fast movement of acidic form, but not the salt form, of 5-DS across membrane bilayers. The oxazolidine (nitroxide moiety) does not seem to affect the pKa ( approximately 8.3) of stearic acid at air-water interface. Thus, N-DS are good probes for studying the distribution kinetics of stearic acid derivatives in biological systems.     

Bolus dispersal through the lungs in surfactant replacement therapy

A model is presented of surfactant replacement therapy. An instilled bolus is pushed into the lungs on the first inspiration, coating the airways with a layer of surfactant and depositing some in the alveoli. Layer thickness depends on the capillary number (muU/gamma, where mu, U, and gamma are bolus viscosity, advancing meniscus velocity, and surface tension, respectively). Larger capillary number leads to thicker layers, reducing alveolar delivery. Subsequently, surface tension gradients sweep surfactant into alveoli not receiving surfactant during the first inspiration. The effects on spreading of sorption kinetics, bolus viscosity, initial layer thickness, initial penetration of surfactant, gravity, and shear stress are examined. Sorption nearly eliminates surface tension gradients in central airways but produces a sharp transition at the leading edge of the exogenous layer. Local thinning of the liquid layer results, trapping 95% of the surfactant in the airways. Gravity and ventilation augment transport somewhat. Transport to the periphery takes 4-170 s for the leading edge but considerably longer for the bulk of the surfactant. The model demonstrates how the various physical parameters governing surfactant distribution might alter the response to surfactant replacement therapy.     

Radiation down-regulates replication origin activity throughout the S phase in mammalian cells

An asynchronous culture of mammalian cells responds acutely to ionizing radiation by inhibiting the overall rate of DNA replication by approximately 50% for a period of several hours, presumably to allow time to repair DNA damage. At low and moderate doses, this S phase damage-sensing (SDS) pathway appears to function primarily at the level of individual origins of replication, with only a modest inhibition of chain elongation per se. We have shown previously that the majority of the inhibition observed in an asynchronous culture can be accounted for by late G1cells that were within 2-3 h of entering the S period at the time of irradiation and which then fail to do so. A much smaller effect was observed on the overall rate of replication in cells that had already entered the S phase. This raised the question whether origins of replication that are activated within S phase per se are inhibited in response to ionizing radiation. Here we have used a two-dimensional gel replicon mapping strategy to show that cells with an intact SDS pathway completely down-regulate initiation in both early- and late-firing rDNA origins in human cells. We also show that initiation in mid- or late-firing rDNA origins is not inhibited in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, confirming the suggestion that these individuals lack the SDS pathway.