双层自校正预报方法及其在高炉铁水含硅量预报中的应用

针对象高炉这样复杂的 MISO 系统,本文提出了一种双层自校正预报方法,将快时变部分的递推辨识和慢时变部分的迭代修正相结合,较好地解决了各子模型时间常数大小和时变性快慢相差较大所带来的问题,并在高炉铁水含硅量预报的实际应用中获得了满意的结果.     

模糊处理板和模糊系统开发工具的研制

模糊处理板HY-8140和模糊系统开发工具FSDT-1.0的主要功能和用途。     

小功率直流随动系统的微处理机双模控制

本文对数字随动系统的双模控制进行了一些探讨,对非线性控制段(?)控制)及线性控制段(PID控制)的控制规律进行了理论分析,推导出了离散的控制算法。对系统的硬件部分(包括PWM功率放大器,位置,转速和电流的检测电路,计算机的接口电路等)作了较为详细的介绍,给出了控制软件的框图及实验结果。文章表明:随动系统的双模控制-这种较为理想而用模拟电路实现又较为复杂的控制方案,用微处理机来实现则简单易行,调试方便,算法改变灵活。因此在微处理机大量引进和生产,价格日趋低廉的今天,随动系统的双模控制这种曾经引起控制工程师们注目的控制方法可望得到广泛的推广应用。     

宽带干涉膜的散射损耗

测量了0.4～1.0微米间介质宽带镀膜的散射特性。它表明散射特性完全由表面粗糙度和膜系光学特性所决定。ZnS,ThF_4和MgF_2单层膜的散射损耗大约为10~(-2)％。但是,由于多层结构中的共振条件,宽带反射镜的散射可超过10％。为了计算任何多层膜的散射特性和降低宽带镀层的散射损耗,研制了一种散射模型,其计算值和实验结果一致。     

一种由TRS-80和TP-801组成的微计算机分级分布控制系统

一、引言目前,国内微处理机(特别是单板机)在实时控制方面的应用已经越来越多,但是控制对象一般比较简单。要对一条生产线、一个车间甚至整个工厂实现自动控制和管理,一台微处理机的容量和速度是达不到的。另外,对处理任务多、控制规律复杂、信息传输距离远、可靠性高等提出更高要求。在这种情况下,现在的发展趋势是采用多台微处理机组成分级分布控制系统。图1就是一个连续化工生产过程计算机控制系统的示意图。在这个例子中,三级计算机担负不同的功能,分别有自己的数据库。三级计算机之间由数据高速公路连接,可以互相传送信息,并共享系统的资源。另外还要有各种显示设备和控     

Quantitative read-across for predicting the acute fish toxicity of organic compounds

Read-across enables the interpolation of a property for a target chemical from respective experimental data of sufficiently similar compounds. Employing a set of 692 organic compounds with experimental values for the 96 h fish toxicity toward the fathead minnow in terms of LC(50) (lethal concentration 50%) values, a read-across method has been developed that is based on atom-centered fragments (ACFs) for evaluating chemical similarity. Prediction of log LC(50) proceeds through reading across the toxicity enhancement over predicted narcosis-level toxicity in terms of the respective logarithmic ratio, log T(e), and adding the respective baseline narcosis LC(50) estimated from log K(ow) (octanol/water partition coefficient). Depending on the minimum similarity imposed on a compound to serve as read-across basis for the target chemical, three different standard settings have been introduced, allowing one to perform screening-level estimations as well as predictions with intermediate and good confidence. The respective squared correlation coefficients (r(2)) are 0.73, 0.78, and 0.87, with root-mean square errors (rms) of 0.73, 0.60, and 0.39 log units, respectively. As a general trend, increasing the ACF minimum similarity increases the prediction quality at the cost of decreasing the application range. The method has the potential to assist in the predictive evaluation of fish toxicity for regulatory purposes such as under the REACH legislation.     

Compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis: a comparison of gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry methods in an interlaboratory study

Chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons like trichloroethylene (TCE) is of emerging demand because these species are important environmental pollutants. Continuous flow analysis of noncombusted TCE molecules, either by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) or by GC/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS), was recently brought forward as innovative analytical solution. Despite early implementations, a benchmark for routine applications has been missing. This study systematically compared the performance of GC/qMS versus GC/IRMS in six laboratories involving eight different instruments (GC/IRMS, Isoprime and Thermo MAT-253; GC/qMS, Agilent 5973N, two Agilent 5975C, two Thermo DSQII, and one Thermo DSQI). Calibrations of (37)Cl/(35)Cl instrument data against the international SMOC scale (Standard Mean Ocean Chloride) deviated between instruments and over time. Therefore, at least two calibration standards are required to obtain true differences between samples. Amount dependency of δ(37)Cl was pronounced for some instruments, but could be eliminated by corrections, or by adjusting amplitudes of standards and samples. Precision decreased in the order GC/IRMS (1σ ≈ 0.1‰), to GC/qMS (1σ ≈ 0.2-0.5‰ for Agilent GC/qMS and 1σ ≈ 0.2-0.9‰ for Thermo GC/qMS). Nonetheless, δ(37)Cl values between laboratories showed good agreement when the same external standards were used. These results lend confidence to the methods and may serve as a benchmark for future applications.     

A homology model of penicillin acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis and in silico evaluation of its selectivity

A three-dimensional model of the relatively unknown penicillin acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis (PA-AF) was built up by means of homology modeling based on three different crystal structures of penicillin acylase from various sources. An in silico selectivity study was performed to compare this homology model to the structure of the Escherichia coli enzyme (PA-EC) in order to find any selectivity differences between the two enzymes. The program GRID was applied in combination with the principal component analysis technique to identify the regions of the active sites where the PAs potentially engage different interactions with ligands. These differences were further analyzed and confirmed by molecular docking simulations. The PA-AF homology model provided the structural basis for the explanation of the different enantioselectivities of the enzymes previously demonstrated experimentally and reported in the literature. Different substrate selectivities were also predicted for PA-AF compared to PA-EC. Since no crystallographic data are available for PA-AF to date, the three-dimensional homology model represents a useful and efficient tool for fully exploiting this attractive and efficient biocatalyst, particularly in enantioselective acylations of amines.     

Structure analysis of a class of fuzzy controllers using pseudo trapezoid shaped membership functions

An output expression of a class of dual-input single-output fuzzy controllers using pseudo trapezoid shaped membership function is given. By structure analysis it is prdved that this class of fuzzy controllers is the sum of a global two-dimensional multi-level relay and a local linear or nonlinear proportional-integral or proportional-differential controller. And the output of this class of fuzzy controllers is a continuous, non-decreasing function of its input variables. These and other meaningful results derived from structure analysis based on the output expressions can guide the design of fuzzy controllers.     

Long-term effects of dissolved carbonate species on the degradation of trichloroethylene by zerovalent iron

The effect of different concentrations of total inorganic carbon (TIC) and flow rates on the reactivity of iron metal with trichloroethylene (TCE) was studied in column experiments to verify whether concentration or mass flux of TIC is the major key parameter for barrier performance. First-order rate coefficients (kobs) for TCE degradation vary initially between 0.15 and 0.32 h-' and are positively related to TIC influent concentration. Maximal kobs were reached after 164 and 591 PV, varied between 0.55 and 1.1 h(-1), and were positively correlated to the TIC mass flux, followed by a decrease resulting in values similar to the reference system at the end of the experiments. Enhancement of iron corrosion (0.7 to 3.5 mmol kgFe(-1) d(-1) and formation of gas bubbles during the initial experimental phase were observed and were also positively correlated to TIC mass flux. The higher gas bubble formation probably has a more significant effect on porosity than mineral precipitations in Fe0-systems. The results suggest that higher TIC mass fluxes cause a more pronounced acceleration in CHC degradation, but also a faster inhibition in the longer-term. This faster inhibition has serious implication for the design of funnel and gate systems.