应用于区域交通战略规划中的情景规划

本文简要回顾了情景规划从商业战略规划活动中产生后的历史,对其目标与局限性进行了综述.然后文章回顾了情景规划在区域交通规划中的应用背景和先例,介绍了情景规划在休斯敦大都市区交通中应用和深化的工作框架,讨论了这一应用的主要成果和教训,并对进一步的发展潜力和改进措施提出了作者的观察和结论.     

Cooking rice in excess water reduces both arsenic and enriched vitamins in the cooked grain

This paper reports the effects of rinsing rice and cooking it in variable amounts of water on total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, iron, cadmium, manganese, folate, thiamin and niacin in the cooked grain. We prepared multiple rice varietals both rinsed and unrinsed and with varying amounts of cooking water. Rinsing rice before cooking has a minimal effect on the arsenic (As) content of the cooked grain, but washes enriched iron, folate, thiamin and niacin from polished and parboiled rice. Cooking rice in excess water efficiently reduces the amount of As in the cooked grain. Excess water cooking reduces average inorganic As by 40% from long grain polished, 60% from parboiled and 50% from brown rice. Iron, folate, niacin and thiamin are reduced by 50–70% for enriched polished and parboiled rice, but significantly less so for brown rice, which is not enriched.     

Optimal security hardening on attack tree models of networks: a cost-benefit analysis

Researchers have previously looked into the problem of determining whether a given set of security hardening measures can effectively make a networked system secure. However, system administrators are often faced with a more challenging problem since they have to work within a fixed budget which may be less than the minimum cost of system hardening. An attacker, on the other hand, explores alternative attack scenarios to inflict the maximum damage possible when the security controls are in place, very often rendering the optimality of the controls invalid. In this work, we develop a systematic approach to perform a cost-benefit analysis on the problem of optimal security hardening under such conditions. Using evolutionary paradigms such as multi-objective optimization and competitive co-evolution, we model the attacker-defender interaction as an “arms race”, and explore how security controls can be placed in a network to induce a maximum return on investment.     

Seeing a phrase “time and again” matters: The role of phrasal frequency in the processing of multiword sequences.

Are speakers sensitive to the frequency with which phrases occur in language? The authors report an eye-tracking study that investigates this by examining the processing of multiword sequences that differ in phrasal frequency by native and proficient nonnative English speakers. Participants read sentences containing 3-word binomial phrases (bride and groom) and their reversed forms (groom and bride), which are identical in syntax and meaning but that differ in phrasal frequency. Mixed-effects modeling revealed that native speakers and nonnative speakers, across a range of proficiencies, are sensitive to the frequency with which phrases occur in English. Results also indicate that native speakers and higher proficiency nonnatives are sensitive to whether a phrase occurs in a particular configuration (binomial vs. reversed) in English, highlighting the contribution of entrenchment of a particular phrase in memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enhancing Cell therapies from the Outside In: Cell Surface Engineering Using Synthetic Nanomaterials

Therapeutic treatments based on the injection of living cells are in clinical use and preclinical development for diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease to diabetes. To enhance the function of therapeutic cells, a variety of chemical and materials science strategies are being developed that engineer the surface of therapeutic cells with new molecules, artificial receptors, and multifunctional nanomaterials, synthetically endowing donor cells with new properties and functions. These approaches offer a powerful complement to traditional genetic engineering strategies for enhancing the function of living cells.     

An hp-finite element method for simulating indoor contaminant dispersion

An hp-adaptive finite element method (FEM) is coupled with a Lagrangian particle transport technique to simulate contaminant dispersion within building interiors, including aircraft cabins. The hp-adaptation follows a three-step adaptation strategy, in which the mesh size and shape function order are dynamically controlled. An a posterior error estimator based on the L ₂ norm calculation is used in the adaptation procedure. Interior flow fields are constructed from the hp-adaptive FEM. Contaminant dispersion is simulated using a random walk/stochastic approach based on a general probability distribution for depicting diffusion. Simulation results for 2- and 3-D interiors are presented.     

COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER USING THE METHOD OF SECOND MOMENTS

The Method of Second Moments is a unique numerical scheme developed in the early 1970s for species transport simulations. The ability of the quasi-Lagrangian method to exactly advect a quantity without numerical dispersion is one of its attractive features. The zeroth, first, and second moments correspond to the value of the quantity, the centroid, and the distribution spread within an elemental volume. Application of this method is particularly attractive for general heat transfer calculations, and provides subgrid scale accuracy even when using coarse grids. The method is simple to employ, fast, accurate, and serves as an alternative to more robust and complex methods utilizing mesh refinement techniques.