This paper analyses the contribution of age and cohort effects on home-ownership and housing wealth in Turkey. I construct a pseudo-panel data set based on birth-year cohorts by using sixteen waves of the Turkish Statistical Institute Household Budget Surveys from 2003 to 2018. The empirical analysis reveals that young cohorts are less likely to own their homes, but they are more likely to have outstanding housing debt. Moreover, they are as willing to invest in second homes as older cohorts. I estimate a Heckman two-step selection model to distinguish the contribution of the improvement in the quality of new buildings to home values. As a result, I find that cohort effects on home values are significantly larger for young households even after controlling for age effects and the improvement in the quality of new buildings. Thus, the empirical findings show that young cohorts have a stronger housing demand than old cohorts.
The implementation of traditional sensors is a drawback when investigating mass transfer phenomena within microstructured devices, since they disturb the flow and reactor characteristics. An Arduino based slider setup is developed, which is equipped with a computer-vision system to track gas–liquid slug flow. This setup is combined with an optical analytical method allowing to compare experimental results against CFD simulations and investigate the entire lifetime of a single liquid slug with high spatial and temporal resolution. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients are measured and compared with data from literature and the mass transfer contribution of the liquid film is discussed. 相似文献
Chitosan films incorporated with thyme oil for potential applications of wound dressing were successfully prepared by solvent
casting method. The water vapor permeability, oxygen transmission rate, and mechanical properties of the films were determined.
Surface and cross-section morphologies and the film thicknesses were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier
transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was conducted to determine functional group interactions between the chitosan and
thyme oil. Thermal behaviors of the films were analyzed by Thermal Gravimetry (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC). In addition, the antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities of the films were investigated. The antimicrobial test
was carried by agar diffusion method and the growth inhibition effects of the films including different amount of thyme oil
were tested on the gram negative microorganisms of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a gram positive microorganism of Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum thyme oil concentration in chitosan films showing the antimicrobial activity on all microorganisms used in the
study was found as 1.2 % (v/v). In addition, this concentration showed the highest antioxidant activity due to mainly the
carvacrol in thyme oil. Water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate of the films slightly increased, however, mechanical
properties decreased with thyme oil incorporation. The results revealed that the thyme oil has a good potential to be incorporated
into chitosan to make antibacterial and permeable films for wound healing applications. 相似文献
hermal degradation characteristics of Tetra Pak panel boards (TPPB) can be useful to improve usage of such panels as an alternative to wood-based products such as plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard. In the study, samples from the TPBBs manufactured from waste Tetra Pak packages (WTPP) were heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (10, 15 and 20 °C/min) using a thermal analysis system. The Coats-Redfern kinetic model was applied to calculate kinetic parameters. The degradation rate equations were then established. In addition, the kinetic compensation effect (KCE) was used to correlate the pre-exponential factor (ko) with activation energy (Ea) and the existence of the KCE was accepted. TG-FT/IR analyses were applied to the TPPB degradation and then the FT-IR stack plot was used to analyze gas products (CO2, CH4, HCOOH, and CH3OH). Infrared vibrational frequencies and the micro, crystal structure of the TPPBs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), respectively. 相似文献
Produced water, which is co-produced during oil and gas manufacturing, represents one of the largest sources of oily wastewaters. Therefore, treatment of this produced water may improve the economic viability and lead to a new source of water for beneficial use. In this study a submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been studied experimentally for the treatment of brackish oil and natural gas field produced water. This type of wastewater is also characterized with relatively moderate to high amount of salt, oil and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). However, the bacteria which are growing in conventional activated sludge and MBR cannot survive at these strict conditions, therefore acclimation of the bacteria is of vital importance. The performance of the biological system, membrane permeability, the rate and extent of TPH biodegradability have been investigated under different sludge age and F/M ratios. The results obtained by gas chromatography analyses showed that the MBR system could be very effective in the removal of TPH from produced water and a significant improvement in the effluent quality was achieved. 相似文献