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1.
Prototheca mastitis has recently become an emerging disease; although its incidence is increasing steadily, its epidemiology remains largely understudied. The aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence of Prototheca spp. in dairy cows and their environment in Lublin province, covering most of southeastern Poland. Between December 2015 and July 2016, a total of 172 milking cows from 10 dairy farms were inspected for mastitis using clinical examination and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Quarter milk samples (QMS, n = 179) and body site swabs (n = 151) from CMT-positive cows were collected for microbiological culture. In addition, we evaluated QMS and body site swabs from 23 healthy cows, along with 91 environmental samples. Of 100 CMT-positive cows, 71 had at least one QMS positive for microbial growth. In 8 (11.3%) of these cows, originating from 7 dairy farms, Prototheca spp. were cultured. The average somatic cell count of the Prototheca-containing milk was 4.02 × 106 cells/mL compared with 0.13 × 106 cells/mL of the Prototheca-free milk (collected from control animals). No significant differences were observed between mastitis and control cows with respect to counts of total white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Half of the cows with Prototheca spp. in their milk did not yield the algae from other anatomical sites. Eight cows were negative for the presence of Prototheca spp. in their milk but positive for the algae in swabs from anatomical sites. Among the environmental sources that were positive for Prototheca growth were watering troughs, manure, feed, and mud. All (45) Prototheca isolates recovered in this study were subjected to species- and genotype-level molecular identification. All QMS and most of the animal swabs (90%) yielded Prototheca zopfii genotype (gen.) 2. Of the animal samples, P. zopfii gen. 1 and Prototheca blaschkeae were isolated only from feces and rectum. Environmental samples grew either P. zopfii gen. 2 (67%) or P. zopfii gen. 1 (33%). This study demonstrates that P. zopfii gen. 2 is the third most common pathogen of mastitis in cattle in southeast Poland, with an overall incidence of 4.6%. Finding Prototheca spp., including P. zopfii gen. 1 and 2 and P. blaschkeae, in stool and rectal swabs from healthy animals may suggest their role as nonpathogenic microflora of bovine gut.  相似文献   
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3.
A novel method based on vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction (VASE) used with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for isolation of volatile phenols was described. The method is based on extraction of analytes into sorbent traps (sorbent pen) filled with Tenax in a vacuum system—vials with traps from which air was evaluated. The method was applied for extraction of volatile phenols from aqueous matrix and smoked beer was used as a food example. Methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethylphenols, along with 4-ethylphenol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-propylguaiacol, and eugenol, were used in method development. Optimal extraction parameters were elaborated. For the analysis of volatile phenols in beer matrix, the method was characterized with satisfactory linearity (r2?≥?0.99) in a range of 0.005–0.5 mg/L. Limits of detection (LODs) for analyzed compounds ranged from 0.0006 to 0.018 mg/L and repeatability for majority of compounds was <?5% for a single trap extraction. The detected volatile phenols in beer samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.672 mg/L.  相似文献   
4.
Rye flours with extraction rate of 100% (wholemeal flour), 95% (brown flour), 90% (brown flour) and 70% (light flour) were prepared in order to study the relation between flour extraction rates and content of bioactive compounds. The following compounds were analysed: total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3). The reduced/oxidized glutathione status (GSH/GSSG) of the flours was examined as a potential index of flour resistance against oxidative stress. The following observations were made in relation to the flour extraction rates and bioactive compounds contents: (a) milling process caused decrease in content in TPC, TF, IP6, GSH and GSSG, T and T3, (b) the most resistant against oxidation processes were suggested a brown flours, then light and finally wholemeal flour, (c) the ratio of tocotrienols to tocopherols (T3/T) was the highest in rye flours with extraction rate of 100–90% whereas light flour was the poorest source of tocopherols and tocotrienols. The provided data support current trend to increase number of rye products from wholemeal or brown flours.  相似文献   
5.
Adhesion is one of the bacterial strategies indispensable for colonization of the small intestine. Food components reaching the small intestine, are not only digested and absorbed there, but may also influence the microorganisms colonizing the mentioned region. In this way, nutrients, particularly the ones the enzymatic degradation of which is hindered, acquire the ability to modify the adhesive potential of the autochthonic microorganisms. The glycated food proteins are noteworthy here for they often undergo relevant structural and functional alterations. Such proteins tend to display a lowered susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and thus may act as modulators of both metabolic activity and adhesive potential of bacteria adhered to the intestinal cells. For that reason, this study aimed at establishing the impact of the glycated pea proteins on adhesion of the bacteria from the genera: Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia, which are typical for the human small intestine.  相似文献   
6.
Aflatoxins in nuts assayed by immunological methods   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
 Different kinds of raw and processed nuts available in the local retail market were investigated for aflatoxin content. Total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 content were determined by immunoaffinity chromatography with fluorescence detection after reaction with bromine solution and by immunoenzymatic test kits. Of 29 investigated samples, 38% were contaminated. The total aflatoxin content in contaminated samples was between 1.20 μg/kg for peanuts and 5.50 μg/kg for walnuts. The concentration of aflatoxin B1 found in contaminated samples was between 0.35 μg/kg for cashew nuts and 4.04 μg/kg for walnuts. The mean recovery of total aflatoxins was 95% for the Ridascreen test and 92% for immunoaffinity chromatography with fluorescence detection. For aflatoxin B1 the mean recovery was 84%. Received: 4 March 1999 / Revised version: 17 May 1999  相似文献   
7.
The diffusion coefficient of the cationic dye Anilana Red BL in the anionically modified polyester fiber Dilana has been calculated regarding a general diffusion-immobilization model. In the model the mobile species are distinguished from the immobilized ones. In computations of Sand's equation and experimentally determined sorption isotherm of the dye in the fiber, the rate-of-dyeing curve and the concentration profiles of the dye in the same fiber were employed. The diffusion coefficient of the mobile species of Anilana Red BL in the fiber is two orders of magnitude higher than the average diffusion coefficient obtained from Hill's equation and the apparent diffusion coefficient calculated by the Boltzmann–Matano method.  相似文献   
8.
Summary Styrene and ethylene dimethacrylate were polymerized in benzene solutions to high conversions. Gels were prepared from critical concentrations of the divinylidene monomer and the fractions of the divinylidene units engaged in intermolecular crosslinks were estimated. The fractions were found to be very small, viz. 5, 10 and 18 % at the total monomer concentrations 1, 2 and 3 mol/dm3, respectively. Behaviour of pregel polymers suggests that cyclization of primary chains and multiple crosslinking are responsible for the low efficiency of the crosslinking agent.Presented at the 7th IUPAC Discussion Conference Polymer Networks, Karlovy Vary, CSSR, September 15–19, 1980  相似文献   
9.
Surface-tension-induced interfacial convection (Marangoni phenomena) can appear as a result of mass and heat transfer, compression and dilatation of surface films or their non-Newtonian behaviour and owing to presence in the interface of electrostatic charges. In process engineering problems the mass transfer effect is usually predominant and, depending on the geometry of the system, leads to surface renewal or changes in interfacial area. The surface renewal phenomena can appear as instabilities or disturbances and their effect on mass transfer is presented for transfer to and from drops as well as across flat interfaces in stirred and laminar flow contactors. Mass transfer coefficients and drag coefficients of drops are compared under conditions of undisturbed (diffusional) transfer, cellular convection and interfacial turbulence for stable and unstable direction of transfer. The importance of gravitational instability is indicated.  相似文献   
10.
    
This paper describes the application of the so‐called hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to linear elasticity problems. The method has three significant features. The first is that the only globally coupled degrees of freedom are those of an approximation of the displacement defined solely on the faces of the elements. The corresponding stiffness matrix is symmetric, positive definite, and possesses a block‐wise sparse structure that allows for a very efficient implementation of the method. The second feature is that, when polynomials of degree k are used to approximate the displacement and the stress, both variables converge with the optimal order of k+1 for any k?0. The third feature is that, by using an element‐by‐element post‐processing, a new approximate displacement can be obtained that converges at the order of k+2, whenever k?2. Numerical experiments are provided to compare the performance of the HDG method with that of the continuous Galerkin (CG) method for problems with smooth solutions, and to assess its performance in situations where the CG method is not adequate, that is, when the material is nearly incompressible and when there is a crack. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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