Analytical methods for superresolution dislocation identification in dark-field X-ray microscopy

Journal of Materials Science - We develop several inference methods to estimate the position of dislocations from images generated using dark-field X-ray microscopy (DFXM)—achieving...     

Using deep learning to combine static and dynamic power analyses of cryptographic circuits

Side-channel attacks have shown to be efficient tools in breaking cryptographic hardware. Many conventional algorithms have been proposed to perform side-channel attacks exploiting the dynamic power leakage. In recent years, with the development of processing technology, static power has emerged as a new potential source for side-channel leakage. Both types of power leakage have their advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we propose to use the deep neural network technique to combine the benefits of both static and dynamic power. This approach replaces the classifier in template attacks with our proposed long short-term memory network schemes. Hence, instead of deriving a specific probability density model for one particular type of power leakage, we gain the ability of combining different leakage sources using a structural algorithm. In this paper, we propose three schemes to combine the static and dynamic power leakage. The performance of these schemes is compared using simulated test circuits designed with a 45-nm library.     

Photophoretic Levitation of Macroscopic Nanocardboard Plates

Scaling down miniature rotorcraft and flapping-wing flyers to sub-centimeter dimensions is challenging due to complex electronics requirements, manufacturing limitations, and the increase in viscous damping at low Reynolds numbers. Photophoresis, or light-driven fluid flow, was previously used to levitate solid particles without any moving parts, but only with sizes of 1–20 µm. Here, architected metamaterial plates with 50 nm thickness are leveraged to realize photophoretic levitation at the millimeter to centimeter scales. Instead of creating lift through conventional rotors or wings, the nanocardboard plates levitate due to light-induced thermal transpiration through microchannels within the plates, enabled by their extremely low mass and thermal conductivity. At atmospheric pressure, the plates hover above a solid substrate at heights of ≈0.5 mm by creating an air cushion beneath the plate. Moreover, at reduced pressures (10–200 Pa), the increased speed of thermal transpiration through the plate's channels creates an air jet that enables mid-air levitation and allows the plates to carry small payloads heavier than the plates themselves. The macroscopic metamaterial structures demonstrate the potential of this new mechanism of flight to realize nanotechnology-enabled flying vehicles without any moving parts in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at the surface of other planets.     

Optimization of Pathogen Capture in Flowing Fluids with Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles have been employed to capture pathogens for many biological applications; however, optimal particle sizes have been determined empirically in specific capturing protocols. Here, a theoretical model that simulates capture of bacteria is described and used to calculate bacterial collision frequencies and magnetophoretic properties for a range of particle sizes. The model predicts that particles with a diameter of 460 nm should produce optimal separation of bacteria in buffer flowing at 1 L h⁻¹. Validating the predictive power of the model, Staphylococcus aureus is separated from buffer and blood flowing through magnetic capture devices using six different sizes of magnetic particles. Experimental magnetic separation in buffer conditions confirms that particles with a diameter closest to the predicted optimal particle size provide the most effective capture. Modeling the capturing process in plasma and blood by introducing empirical constants (c_e), which integrate the interfering effects of biological components on the binding kinetics of magnetic beads to bacteria, smaller beads with 50 nm diameters are predicted that exhibit maximum magnetic separation of bacteria from blood and experimentally validated this trend. The predictive power of the model suggests its utility for the future design of magnetic separation for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.     

Review

THE EXPERIENCE OF NATURE: A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE by Rachel Kaplan & Stephen Kaplan, Cambridge University Press, 1989, 337pp, £10.95 (p/b), 0-521-34939-7.

THE ECOLOGY OF URBAN HABITATS by 0. L. Gilbert, Chapman & Hall, London, 1989, 369pp, 0-412-28270-4, £35.00.

DIRECTORY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: ORGANISATIONS IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1986-7, Michael J. C. Barker, ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. Second edition, pp. xviii + 278, £18.99, PB, ISBN 0-7102-0961-4.

THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR THE 1990s, Gerald Dawe, ed., Birmingham: Centre for Urban Ecology, 1990, pp. 636, £55.00, PB, ISBN 0-907272-07-X.

PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE (2nd Edn.), by Philip L. Carpenter and Theodore D. Walker, W. H. Freeman, New York and Oxford, 1990, 401 pp., ISBN 0-7167-1808-1, £29.95 HB.

SPORTS GEOGRAPHY by John Bale, E. & F. N. Spon, 1989, 0-419-14390-4, £16.95 PB.

THE POLITICS OF PARK DESIGN: A HISTORY OF URBAN PARKS IN AMERICA by Galen Cranz, ISBN 0 262 53084 8, 347pp, London: M.I.T. Press, 1989, £11.25, P.B.     

Reviews

READING LANDSCAPE; COUNTRY-CITY-CAPITAL, Simon Pugh, ed., Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1990, pp. 245, £35.00 HB, £9.95 PB, ISBN 0-7190-2979-1, 0-7190-3189-3.

ENVISIONING INFORMATION

by Edward R. Tufte, Cheshire, Connecticut, The Graphics Press, 1990, £30.00.

THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN LANDSCAPE, Michael P. Conzen, ed., Boston and London: Unwin Hyman, 1990. pp. xvi + 434. ISBN 0-04-917010-4. £14.95 PB.

THE EFFECTS OF THE GREAT STORM: REPORT OF A TECHNICAL COORDINATION COMMITTEE AND THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE, London: HMSO, 1988, 43pp, £5.00, P.B., ISBN 011 752144 2.

THE 1987 STORM: IMPACTS AND RESPONSES, A. J. Grayson (ed.), London: HMSO, 1989, 46pp, £4.00, P.B., ISBN 011 752144 2.

VIEWS OF AMERICAN LANDSCAPES, edited by Mick Gidley and Robert Lawson-Peebles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, £27.50; $39.50, H.B., 228pp.

TAMING THE FLOOD: A HISTORY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF RIVERS AND WETLANDS by Jeremy Purseglove, Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with Channel 4, 1989, 291pp, ISBN 0 19 286091 7, £9.95, P.B.

THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE GARDEN FROM THE CONVENTIONS OF PLANTING, DESIGN, AND ORNAMENT TO THE GRAND GARDENS OF SIXTEENTH-CENTURY CENTRAL ITALY, Claudia Lazzaro with photographs by Ralph Lieberman, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1990, pp. i-ix + 342, £45.00, $65.00, ISBN 0-300-4765-7.

LANDSCAPE OR LAND?, poems for Devon, Mark Beeson and Christopher Southgate, Wheal Press, Devon, ISBN 0-9511588-1-3.     

Reviews

Caspar David Friedrich and the Subject of Landscape

by Joseph Leo Koerner, Reaktion Books, 1990

History and precedent in environmental design

by Amos Rapoport, New York: Plenum Press, 1990

Natural Landscapes of Britain from the air

edited by Nicolas Stephens, Cambridge University Press, 1990,

pp. 288, 140 b/w photographs, £19.50

Images of Prehistory

by Peter Fowler and Mick Sharp, Cambridge University Press, 1990,

ISBN 0-521-35646-6, £19.50

Landscape. Monuments and Society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase

by John Barrett, Richard Bradley & Martin Green, Cambridge University Press, 1991 ISBN O-521-32128X. £35.00 hb.

The Spectacle of Nature

by Nicholas Green, Manchester University Press, 1990

Introduction to Landscape Design

by John L. Motloch, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991, 307pp.

Taming the Great South Land: a history of the conquest of nature in Australia,

by William J. lines, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991, pp. xx + 337, 38 plates. Available from UCL Press Ltd., London, £30.00 hb.

River Projects and Conservation: a manual for holistic appraisal.

edited by John L Gardiner, Chichester: John Wiley, 1991, ISBN 0-471-92643-4, 236 pp £50.00 hb

Imagined Country

by John Rennie Short, London and New York: Routledge, 1991

Living in a New Country: history, travelling and language,

by Paul Carter, London: Faber & Faber, 1992. x + 214 pp.

ISBN 0-571-16329-7, $22.95 Hb.

The Aesthetics of Environment

by Arnold Berleant, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992,

ISBN 0-87722-993-7, 240 pp., $34.95.

The English Rural Community

edited by Brian Short. Cambridge:Carnbridge University Press, 1992,

Hb 0-521-40537-8 £35.00 : Pb 0-521-40567-X, £12.95, 239pp.

Fields of Vision: landscape imagery and national identity in England and the United States

by Stephen Daniels, Oxford: Polity Press, 1993, pp.xii + 255,

ISBN 0-7456-0450-1, £39.50,

The Palladian Landscape

by Denis Cosgrove, London: Leicester University Press, 1993, pp. xv + 270.

Nature Pictorialised: “the view' in landscape history

by Gina Crandell, Baltimore: John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993, pp.196,

ISBN 0-8018-4397-9

edited by David Seamon, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993, pp. xviii + 363, ISBN 0-7914-1277-6, $19.95 pb, $59.50 hb

Restoring Period Gardens: from the Middle Ages to Georgian times.

by John Harvey, Princes Risborough: Shire, Second edition, 1993,

pp.112, ISBN 0-7478-0200-9, £4.99 pb.

Empty Meeting Grounds: the tourist papers

by Dean McCannell, London: Routledge, 1992,

Dwelling, Seeing, and Designing: toward a phenomenological ecology

346pp, ISBN 0-415-05693-4.

Towards a new landscape

Bernard Jacobson Gallery, 14A Clifford Street, London, W1X 1RF, 1993,

pp.128, ISBN 1-872784-12-7

Place in Space: Human Culture in Landscape

edited by Hana Svobodova & Jan Uhde, Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific, 1993, pp. 128, ISBN 90-220-1089-9, $56.00.     

Spatial planning for landscape: mapping the pitfalls

While welcoming the European Landscape Convention and acknowledging the successes of conservation organizations such as the National Trust in Britain, the Czech Village Restoration Scheme and the French eco‐musées, this paper identifies some of the pitfalls that must be avoided if the fine words of the Convention are to be translated into effective action. These include problems with designation, conflicts between different types of conservation, and the side effects of gentrification and increased tourism. There is a call for more research to break down barriers to understanding between countries, between disciplines, and between academics and practitioners.