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1.
Bacteria access iron, a key nutrient, by producing siderophores or using siderophores produced by other microorganisms. The pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two siderophores but is also able to pirate enterobactin (ENT), the siderophore produced by Escherichia coli. ENT-Fe complexes are imported across the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa by the two outer membrane transporters PfeA and PirA. Iron is released from ENT in the P. aeruginosa periplasm by hydrolysis of ENT by the esterase PfeE. We show here that pfeE gene deletion renders P. aeruginosa unable to grow in the presence of ENT because it is unable to access iron via this siderophore. Two-species co-cultures under iron-restricted conditions show that P. aeruginosa strongly represses the growth of E. coli as long it is able to produce its own siderophores. Both strains are present in similar proportions in the culture as long as the siderophore-deficient P. aeruginosa strain is able to use ENT produced by E. coli to access iron. If pfeE is deleted, E. coli has the upper hand in the culture and P. aeruginosa growth is repressed. Overall, these data show that PfeE is the Achilles’ heel of P. aeruginosa in communities with bacteria producing ENT.  相似文献   
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Multimedia Tools and Applications - The context of this work is to characterize the content and the structure of audiovisual documents by analysing the temporal relationships between basic events...  相似文献   
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The enhanced availability of sequence data in livestock provides an opportunity for more accurate predictions in routine genomic evaluations. Such evaluations would therefore no longer rely only on the linkage disequilibrium between a chip marker and the causal mutation. The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of sequence data in Saanen goats (n = 33) to better capture a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 19 (CHI19) and improve the accuracy of predictions for 3 milk production traits, 5 type traits, and somatic cell scores. All 1,207 50K genotypes were imputed to the sequence level. Four scenarios, each using a subset of CHI19 imputed variants, were then tested. Sequence-derived information included all CHI19 variants (529,576), all variants in the QTL region (22,269), 178 variants selected in the QTL region and added to an updated chip, or 178 randomly selected variants on CHI19. Two genomic evaluation models were applied: single-step genomic BLUP and weighted single-step genomic BLUP. All scenarios were compared with single-step genomic BLUP using 50K genotypes. Best overall results were obtained using single-step genomic BLUP on 50K genotypes completed with all variants in the QTL region of chromosome 19 (6.2% average increase in accuracy for 9 traits) with the highest accuracy gain for fat yield (17.9%), significant increases for milk (13.7%) and protein yields (12.5%), and type traits associated with CHI19. Despite its association with the QTL region of chromosome 19, the somatic cell score showed decreased accuracy in every alternative scenario. Using all CHI19 variants led to an overall decrease of 4.8% in prediction accuracy. The updated chip was efficient and improved genomic evaluations by 3.1 to 6.4% on average, depending on the scenario. Indeed, information from only a few carefully selected variants increased accuracies for traits of interest when used in a single-step genomic BLUP model. In conclusion, using QTL region variants imputed from sequence data in single-step genomic evaluations represents a promising perspective for such evaluations in dairy goats. Furthermore, using only a limited number of selected variants in QTL regions, as available on SNP chip updates, significantly increases the accuracy for QTL-associated traits without deteriorating the evaluation accuracy for other traits. The latter approach is interesting, as it avoids time-consuming imputation and data formatting processes and provides reliable genotypes.  相似文献   
4.
In this study, preservation of spirulina using the new pressurised cryogenic nitrogen technology (PCN) was compared to classical methods used in laboratories and industry. Spirulina morphology was better preserved by PCN compared to unpressurised cryogeny and classical freezing at −20 °C that led to cells fragmentation. A 25% loss of Phycocyanin-C content against 60% were measured after 98 days storage for 6-Bar PCN process and frozen samples, respectively. The Total AntiOxidant Power (PAOT Liquid Technology®) was used for determination of total antioxidant and oxidant power of spirulina extracts. PAOT value of PCN samples was 50% higher than the frozen sample. From ABTS measurements on PCN spirulina fractions sonicated or not, it was suggested that pressurisation at 6 bars allowed a better preservation of free antioxidants (outside the cells) due to replacement of oxygen by nitrogen in the frozen beads. After dehydration, phycocyanin-C content variation during storage at 20 °C and 33% RH showed higher loss for freeze-dried spirulina treated at 0 compared to 6 Bars.  相似文献   
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In this study, unidirectional poly(ether ether ketone)/carbon fiber (CF) composite sheets were elaborated with unsized, epoxy‐sized, and thermoplastic‐sized CFs by hot‐press molding. The thermoplastic sizings that we used were poly(ether imide) (PEI) and poly(ether ketone ketone) oligomer aqueous dispersions. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the composites freeze fractures showed that unlike unsized or epoxy‐sized CFs, the thermoplastic sizings improved the interaction between the fibers and the matrix. A comparative study of the mechanical relaxations by dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out on the different composites before and after immersion in kerosene. At low temperature, the PEI sizing had a significant influence on the β relaxation, particularly after kerosene immersion. The thermoplastic sizings did not modify the glass‐transition temperature but improved the kerosene resistance on the composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42550.  相似文献   
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MicroRNAs control the differentiation and function of B cells, which are considered key elements in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, a common micro(mi)RNA signature has not emerged since published data includes patients of variable ethnic background, type of disease, and organ involvement, as well as heterogeneous cell populations. Here, we aimed at identifying a miRNA signature of purified B cells from renal and non-renal severe SLE patients of Latin American background, a population known to express severe disease. Genome-wide miRNA expression analyses were performed on naive and memory B cells and revealed two categories of miRNA signatures. The first signature represents B cell subset-specific miRNAs deregulated in SLE: 11 and six miRNAs discriminating naive and memory B cells of SLE patients from healthy controls (HC), respectively. Whether the miRNA was up or down-regulated in memory B cells as compared with naive B cells in HC, this difference was abolished in SLE patients, and vice versa. The second signature identifies six miRNAs associated with specific pathologic features affecting renal outcome, providing a further understanding for SLE pathogenesis. Overall, the present work provided promising biomarkers in molecular diagnostics for disease severity as well as potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in SLE.  相似文献   
10.
There has been an intense research effort in the last decades in the field of biofouling prevention as it concerns many aspects of everyday life and causes problems to devices, the environment, and human health. Many different antifouling and antimicrobial materials have been developed to struggle against bacteria and other micro- and macro-organism attachment to different surfaces. However the “miracle solution” has still to be found. The research presented here concerns the synthesis of bio-based polymeric materials and the biological tests that showed their antifouling and, at the same time, antibacterial activity. The raw material used for the coating synthesis was natural rubber. The polyisoprene chains were fragmented to obtain oligomers, which had reactive chemical groups at their chain ends, therefore they could be modified to insert polymerizable and biocidal groups. Films were obtained by radical photopolymerization of the natural rubber derived oligomers and their structure was altered, in order to understand the mechanism of attachment inhibition and to increase the efficiency of the anti-biofouling action. The adhesion of three species of pathogenic bacteria and six strains of marine bacteria was studied. The coatings were able to inhibit bacterial attachment by contact, as it was verified that no detectable leaching of toxic molecules occurred.  相似文献   
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