Nontyphoidal salmonellae are among the most prevalent foodborne pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections worldwide. A high number of cases and outbreaks of salmonellosis are associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products, and several of these occur at the household level. The aim of the current study is to critically evaluate the current status of knowledge on Salmonella in eggs from a consumer's perspective, analyzing the hazard occurrence and the good practices that should be applied to reduce salmonellosis risk. Following a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) based approach, some steps along the food journey were identified as Critical Consumer Handling (CCH)—steps in which consumers, through their behavior or choice, can significantly reduce the level of Salmonella in eggs and egg products. From shopping/collecting to consumption, each of these steps is discussed in this review to provide an evidence-based overview of risk factors of human salmonellosis related to egg consumption. The main message to consumers is to choose Salmonella-free eggs (those that some official entity or producer guarantees that does not contain Salmonella), when available, especially for dishes that are not fully heat treated. Second, as guaranteed Salmonella-free eggs are only available in a few countries, refrigerated storage from the point of collection and proper cooking will significantly reduce the risk of salmonellosis. This will require a revision of the actual recommendations/regulations, as not all ensure that eggs are maintained at temperatures that prevent growth of Salmonella from collection until the time of purchasing. 相似文献
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in the United States. It is identified by histopathological evaluations of microscopic images of the cancerous region, relying on a subjective interpretation.
The Colorectal Histology dataset used in this study contains 5000 images, made available by the University Medical Center Mannheim. This approach proposes the automatic identification of eight types of tissues found in CRC histopathological evaluation. We apply Transfer Learning from architectures of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). We modify the structures of CNNs to extract features from the images and input them to well-known machine learning methods: Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron, k-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). We evaluated 108 extractor–classifier combinations. The one that achieved the best results is DenseNet169 with SVM (RBF), reaching an Accuracy of 92.083% and F1-Score of 92.117%. Therefore, our approach is capable of distinguishing tissues found in CRC histopathological evaluation.
Hydrogen production through water splitting is an efficient and green technology for fulfilling future energy demands. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) supported Ni2P has been synthesized through a simpler hydrothermal method. Ni2P/CNT has been employed as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in acidic and alkaline media respectively. The electrocatalyst has exhibited low overpotential of 137 and 360 mV for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions respectively at 10 mA cm?2. Lower Tafel slopes, improved electrochemical active surface area, enhanced stability have also been observed. Advantages of carbon support in terms of activity and stability have been described by comparing with unsupported electrocatalyst. 相似文献
Three chain extenders, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), ethylene carbonate (EC), and a polymeric-epoxide, were investigated for improving recycled p(ethylene terephthalate) (r-PET) properties with melt extrusion. The amount of additives and processing temperatures were also varied to check for melt degradation. Small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments were performed to probe rheological changes with different chain extenders. Capillary rheometry with haul-off was also performed to measure extensional viscosity and melt strength. Higher loadings of the chain extenders were found to improve properties of r-PET. These chain extenders definitely increased melt viscosities when incorporated at the higher level of the ranges examined, matching that of virgin PET. EC addition resulted in high shear thinning of the polymer. Epoxy and PMDA added to r-PET produced products with the same extensional viscosity as v-PET. Haul-off experiments demonstrate superior performance by epoxy-modified r-PET compared to v-PET. 相似文献
Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (NPs) doped with different radioisotopes for use as theranostic systems play an important role in scientific research nowadays due to their ability to simultaneously act in the treatment and diagnosis of various types of cancers. In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a hydroxyapatite/tenorite nanocomposite functionalized with folic acid, representing a nanotheranostic material with potential for application as an agent in positron emission tomography imaging systems and to act specifically in the treatment and diagnosis of osteosarcoma. 64Cu and 32P were produced by nuclear activation in the TRIGA reactor at CDTN. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD with Rietveld refinement, XAFS, SEM, BET, TGA, FTIR, CHN, ICP-AES, XPS and gamma spectroscopy. We investigated how CuO grows in HA NPs, the stability of the interactions between CuO and HA constituents and the interactions between folic acid and the surface of the HA NPs. The results indicate the formation of a second phase (tenorite) besides hydroxyapatite, and that the interactions between the two phases are stable, resulting in a nanocomposite. Furthermore, the activation of 64Cu and 32P inside the HA matrix, through the exposition to a neutron flux, produces a theranostic material of interest for biological tests. 相似文献