Heat-integrated reactor concepts for catalytic reforming and automotive exhaust purification

Optimal solutions in environmental catalysis require a well-coordinated development of catalysts and of process design. This contribution is devoted to energy integrated design concepts for fuel reforming and for automotive exhaust purification. The examples presented demonstrate the importance of an innovative process design for optimal utilization of existing catalysts and show the potential of future developments.

New concepts for steam reforming through the efficient coupling of the endothermic reforming reaction with an exothermic combustion reaction are discussed in the first part. These concepts have been implemented for methanol steam reforming in a counter-current reactor with distributed side feed of burner gas and for methane steam reforming in a modular reactor with a co-current reaction section for the endothermic and the combustion reaction and attached counter-current heat exchangers. Both applications employ the so-called folded sheet reactor design, which ensures an excellent heat transfer between the reforming and combustion channels and efficient heat recovery.

A similar design solution is introduced for the apparently different case of automotive exhaust purification. The proposed concept aims at decoupling exhaust after-treatment from engine control. Its main component is a counter-current heat exchanger with integrated purification stages for HC-oxidation, NO_X storage and reduction and soot filtering. A small catalytic burner at the hot end of the heat exchanger provides both heat and oxidizing or reducing agents on demand. A new soot filter design allows for safe soot filter regeneration.     

Synthesis of UHMW-PE by a Highly Active Homogeneous System: η5-(C5H5)2Ti(η1-OC(O)C6H5)2/MAO

Summary The complex ⁵-(C₅H₅)₂Ti (¹-OC(O)C₆H₅)₂ was synthesized and activated with MA0 for ethylene polymerization. The resultant polymer is UHMW-PE with a viscosimetric molecular weight of Mv = 6.8 x 10⁶ to 0.7 x 10⁶ g/mol dependent on the temperature of the reaction. The effects of the Al/Ti molar ratio and temperature of the reaction on the catalytic activity and polymer properties were studied.     

Analyzing the performance of a cluster-based architecture for immersive visualization systems

Cluster computing has become an essential issue for designing immersive visualization systems. This paradigm employs scalable clusters of commodity computers with much lower costs than would be possible with the high-end, shared memory computers that have been traditionally used for virtual reality purposes. This change in the design of virtual reality systems has caused some development environments oriented toward shared memory computing to require modifications to their internal architectures in order to support cluster computing. This is the case of VR Juggler, which is considered one of the most important virtual reality application development frameworks based on open source code.     

A new system architecture for crowd simulation

Crowd simulation requires both rendering visually plausible images and managing the behavior of autonomous agents. Therefore, these applications need an efficient design that allows them to simultaneously handle these two requirements. Although several proposals have focused on the software architectures for these systems, no proposals have focused on the computer systems supporting them.In this paper, we analyze the computer architectures used in the literature to support distributed virtual environments. Also, we propose a distributed computer architecture which is efficient enough to support simulations of thousand of autonomous agents. This proposal consists of a cluster of interconnected computers in order to improve flexibility and robustness, as well as a hierarchical software architecture that efficiently provides consistency. Performance evaluation results show that the trade-off between flexibility and consistency allows to efficiently manage thousands of autonomous agents. Therefore, this network-based system architecture can provide the required scalability for large-scale crowd simulations.     

Improving the performance of distributed virtual environment systems

The last years have witnessed a dramatic growth in the number as well as in the variety of distributed virtual environment systems. These systems allow multiple users, working on different client computers that are interconnected through different networks, to interact in a shared virtual world. One of the key issues in the design of scalable and cost-effective DVE systems is the partitioning problem. This problem consists of efficiently assigning the existing clients to the servers in the system and some techniques have been already proposed for solving it. This paper experimentally analyzes the correlation of the quality function proposed in the literature for solving the partitioning problem with the performance of DVE systems. Since the results show an absence of correlation, we also propose the experimental characterization of DVE systems. The results show that the reason for that absence of correlation is the nonlinear behavior of DVE systems with regard to the number of clients in the system. DVE systems reach saturation when any of the servers reaches 100 percent of CPU utilization. The system performance greatly decreases if this limit is exceeded in any server. Also, as a direct application of these results, we present a partitioning method that is targeted to keep all the servers in the system below a certain threshold value of CPU utilization, regardless of the amount of network traffic. Evaluation results show that the proposed partitioning method can improve DVE system performance, regardless of both the movement pattern of clients and the initial distribution of clients in the virtual world.     

Intestinal amebiasis

Infection produced by Entamoeba histolytica constitutes a clinical problem of great importance due to its frequence and serious complications. Age, diagnosis and clinical manifestations, phisic exploration, lab. procedures, proctosigmoidoscopy, radiology, complications, pathologic anatomy, statistical reports from the Ministry of Health and Social Asistence in addition we emphasize on the importance of an accurate and precocious diagnosis. We expose an effective terapeutic regimen for the different amibiasis states.     

How mobile phones perform in collaborative augmented reality (CAR) applications

This paper presents the experimental analysis of mobile phones for Augmented Reality marker tracking, a core task that any CAR application must include. The results show that the most time consuming stage is the marker detection stage, followed by the image acquisition stage. Moreover, the rendering stage is decoupled on some devices, depending on the operative system used. This decoupling process allows avoiding low refresh rates, facilitating the collaborative work. However, the use of multicore devices does not significantly improve the performance provided by CAR applications. Finally, the results show that unless a poor network bandwidth makes the network to become the system bottleneck, the performance of CAR applications based on mobile phones will be limited by the detection stage. These results can be used as the basis for an efficient design of CAR systems and applications based on mobile phones.     

N-Stearoyl-phosphatidylserine: Synthesis and role in divalent-cation-induced aggregation and fusion

N-Acylphosphatidylserines have been isolated from intact and injured tissues, but the participation of such acidic phospholipids in membrane aggregation and fusion has not been demonstrated. We have synthesized N-stearoylphosphatidylserine (NSPS) and examined divalent-cation-induced aggregation of NSPS-liposomes, which leads to membrane destabilization and fusion. The purified lipid was characterized by its chromatographic and spectroscopic (infrared and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance) properties and by its chemical degradation pattern. Aggregation of unilamellar NSPS-liposomes was studied as a function of calcium and magnesium concentration. The ability of calcium and magnesium to induce vesicle aggregation is higher for phosphatidylserine (PS)-liposomes (threshold concentration 1.5 mM for calcium and 4.6 mM for magnesium) than for NSPS-liposomes (threshold concentration 2.8 mM for calcium and 6.6 mM for magnesium). The irreversibility of the aggregation reactions after adding EDTA suggests that vesicle fusion might occur in the presence of calcium and magnesium. Preliminary studies, based on mixing of both lipid and internal aqueous contents, show that fusion rather than aggregation of NSPS-liposomes occurs in the presence of calcium ions. The tendency of NSPS-liposomes to aggregate at higher cation concentrations than PS-liposomes suggests that N-acylation of phosphatidylserine protects the membrane against degenerative damage caused by aggregation and fusion.