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This paper presents an efficient policy for AGV and part routing in semiconductor and LCD production bays using information on the future state of systems where AGVs play a central role in material handling. These highly informative systems maintain a great deal of information on current and near-future status, such as the arrival and operation completion times of parts, thereby enabling a new approach for production shop control. Efficient control of AGVs is vital in semiconductor and LCD plants because AGV systems often limit the total production capacity of these very expensive plants. With the proposed procedure, the cell controller records the future events chronologically and uses this information to determine the destination and source of parts between the parts' operation machine and temporary storage. It is shown by simulation that the new control policy reduces AGV requirements and flow time of parts.  相似文献   
3.
This paper deals with the development and calibration of a single degree-of-freedom probe that is capable of regulating an input position and measuring force or applying a constant input force and measuring deflection. Such a probe is useful in making sensitive measurements on thin films, nano- and microstructures, and fluids. The probe is actuated by an electrostatic comb drive with an integrated capacitive sensor. COTS electronics and a capacitance-to-voltage IC are used to develop a closed-loop controller for the system, capable of regulating position over a range of about 40 μm to within a 5 nm resolution and controlling forces up to 300 μN with a resolution of 25 nN. The design and fabrication of the probe are discussed. The calibration of the device is performed using multiple methods to cross check each other. The use of the probe is demonstrated in the measurement of surface tension and probing the response of a soft polymer to small forces.  相似文献   
4.
Grains of two sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L) varieties were germinated at room temperature for 2, 4 and 6 days. Germination resulted in an increase in protein content due to dry matter loss; this rose with increasing time of germination. The absolute amount of tannin was unchanged until the fourth day of germination but decreased markedly by the sixth day. Fractionation of the grain protein of one variety showed that there was a large increase in the albumin-globulin fraction (rich in lysine) and a decrease in the kafirin and cross-linked kafirin fraction (low in lysine) as a result of germination. Although these changes resulted in a more than 30% increase in lysine content on the fourth and sixth days of germination, a substantial loss in dry matter occurred when germination was continued up to 6 days. When 14-day-old Hubbard chicks were fed a diet containing about 59% malted sorghum supplemented with lysine, they showed better (P < 0.05) weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion than those on malted sorghum without lysine supplementation. However, malting reduced the amount of lysine needed to supplement the diet from 0.25% for unmalted sorghum to 0.18% for malted sorghum.  相似文献   
5.
Deadlock-free operation of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) is an important goal of manufacturing systems control research. In this work, we develop the criteria that real-time FMS deadlock-handling strategies must satisfy. These criteria are based on a digraph representation of the FMS state space. Control policies for deadlock-free operation are characterized as partitioning cuts on this digraph. We call these structural control policies (SCPs) because, to avoid deadlock, they must guarantee certain structural properties of the subdigraph containing the empty state; namely, that it is strongly connected. A policy providing this guarantee is referred to as correct. Furthermore, an SCP must be configurable and scalable; that is, its correctness must not depend on configuration-specific system characteristics and it must remain computationally tractable as the FMS grows in size. Finally, an SCP must be efficient; that is, it must not overly constrain FMS operation. We formally develop and define these criteria, formulate guidelines for developing policies satisfying these criteria, and then provide an example SCP development using these guidelines. Finally, we present an SCP that guarantees deadlock-free buffer space allocation for FMSs with no route restrictions.  相似文献   
6.
The comparatively higher level of thorium reserves and the absence of long lived actinides of environmental concern offer real advantages for utilization of thorium in nuclear reactors. While use of uranium is likely to continue for some more time in view of investments already made, a shift to thorium eventually is an imperative necessity. It is in fact inevitable for a country like India. The paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of occupational radiation exposures as well as environmental releases. Different stages such as mining, fuel fabrication, reactor operation, spent fuel storage and reprocessing are considered. The factors that need to be taken into account include among others, the relatively lower occupational exposures and environmental releases in sodium cooled fast reactors compared to LWRs, the occurrence of thorium as surface deposits obviating the need for deep mining as in the case of uranium and the special dose reduction measures that need to be devised to minimize occupational exposures due to daughter products of 232U present in 233U during fuel fabrication operations. If once through mode of fuel cycle is to be adopted, thorium oxide materials are likely to be more enduring than would be the case with uranium.  相似文献   
7.
It is well-known that with the appearance of three independent papers by Taylor, Polanyi and Orowan in the year 1934, the concept of crystal dislocations was born. Since then, dislocation theory has had many spectacular successes. It is quite appropriate therefore to be aware of the state of development of this exciting subject, sixty years after its discovery. A flavour for the vast subject of the applications of dislocation mechanisms to real materials is presented by choosing three examples, one each, drawn from metallurgy, physics and electronics. The topic of ‘Strength of metals and alloys’ is the first one, as this is also the author’s area of research. The phenomenon of solidification and crystal growth forms the next topic, especially in view of the seminal contributions made by A R Verma and his school from India. Dislocations play a useful role in the strengthening of solids, but how influential are they in affecting the performance of modern semiconductor devices? In the third example, the interesting and painstaking work done to settle this question is reviewed. Can we regard carbon fibre as thetransistor of dislocation theory? How shall we understand the long-established effects such as corrosion-fatigue, superplasticity and shape memory as well as the electrochemical and electro-mechanical properties of dislocations in semiconductor and non-metallic crystals? Answers to these questions belong to the realms of the future developments in dislocations. The talk is concluded with a discussion of these topics.  相似文献   
8.
A critical review of available results on the dependence of grain size on the activation parameters for deformation, specifically, the activation volume, V*, and the thermal component of flow stress, σ*, has been carried out with a view to verifying the Armstrong prediction that identifies the Hall-Petch (H-P) intercept with the easy slip system and the H-P slope with the most difficult system in polycrystals. The influence of slip system choice is demonstrated using results on Cd and Zr. The Armstrong prediction is valid for basal slip hcp metals, such as Cd and Zn, with V* and σ* determined by the difficult pyramidal slip. For the prism slip metals such as Zr and Ti, V* and σ* are controlled by interstitial solutes and are independent of grain size. The results on Zr are used to highlight the influence of dynamic strain aging on the H-P parameters. In bcc metals, in which the Peierls-Nabarro barrier is the rate-controlling obstacle, V* and σ* are again independent of grain size. For fcc metals, correlation of the H-P slope with the cross-slip stress, predicted by the Armstrong model, has been demonstrated for a few cases. The variation of V* with grain size in Ni as reported by Narutani and Takamura (Acta Metall. Mater., 1991, vol. 227, pp. 2037–49) is newly interpreted in terms of the Armstrong model that associates the H-P intercept in fcc metals with dislocation intersections and the H-P slope with cross-slip, and provides realistic results for the activation volumes for the two processes. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium “Dynamic Deformation: Constitutive Modeling, Grain Size, and Other Effects: In Honor of Prof. Ronald W. Armstrong,” March 2–6, 2003, at the 2003 TMS/ASM Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Joint Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.  相似文献   
9.
Most inspectors measure form tolerances as the minimum zone solution, which minimizes the maximum error between the datapoints and a reference feature. Current coordinate measuring machines verification algorithms are based on the least-squares solution, which minimizes the sum of the squared errors, resulting in a possible overestimation of the form tolerance. Therefore, although coordinate measuring machines algorithms successfully reject bad parts, they may also reject some good parts. The verification algorithms developed in this set of papers compute the minimum zone solution of a set of datapoints sampled from a part. Computing the minimum zone solution is inherently a nonlinear optimization problem. This paper develops a single verification methodology that can be applied to the cylindricity and straightness of a median line problems. The final implementable formulation solves a sequence of linear programs that converge to a local optimal solution. Given adequate initial conditions, this solution will be the minimum zone solution. This methodology is also applied to the problems of computing the minimum circumscribed cylinder and the maximum inscribed cylinder. Experimental evidence that the formulations are both robust and efficient is provided.  相似文献   
10.
Efforts to adapt and extend graphic arts printing techniques for demanding device applications in electronics, biotechnology and microelectromechanical systems have grown rapidly in recent years. Here, we describe the use of electrohydrodynamically induced fluid flows through fine microcapillary nozzles for jet printing of patterns and functional devices with submicrometre resolution. Key aspects of the physics of this approach, which has some features in common with related but comparatively low-resolution techniques for graphic arts, are revealed through direct high-speed imaging of the droplet formation processes. Printing of complex patterns of inks, ranging from insulating and conducting polymers, to solution suspensions of silicon nanoparticles and rods, to single-walled carbon nanotubes, using integrated computer-controlled printer systems illustrates some of the capabilities. High-resolution printed metal interconnects, electrodes and probing pads for representative circuit patterns and functional transistors with critical dimensions as small as 1 mum demonstrate potential applications in printed electronics.  相似文献   
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