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Increasing energy costs and climate change legislation have prompted efforts to reduce energy consumption in UK hospitals. In addition to technological conservation strategies focussing on buildings and building services, staff-centred initiatives such as energy awareness campaigns are increasingly being considered by National Health Service (NHS) trusts due to their potential cost-effectiveness. However, hospitals are complex buildings with unique energy requirements, and it is unclear to what extent these requirements are influenced by clinical staff. This paper combines a review of staff-centred energy conservation initiatives in organisations in general and in hospitals in particular with the results of a survey-based study among NHS energy managers (N?=?70). The study findings highlight that staff-centred energy conservation initiatives are currently of interest to a majority of NHS trusts in England and may become an increasingly important part of carbon reduction strategies in hospitals in the future. Policy assumptions regarding their savings potential, however, appear to be undifferentiated, and it seems advisable to relate behavioural efforts more closely to the physical context of the respective hospital building and its service infrastructure as well as the health care processes relevant to different departments.  相似文献   
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Understanding the process of domestic retrofit is important for learning and innovation. This is particularly the case for low carbon retrofits such as those undertaken under the UK's Retrofit for the Future (RftF) programme, with its aim to achieve an overall 80% carbon reduction by 2050. Current post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research has both theoretical and methodological limitations with implications for technical and behavioural research in the built environment. Drawing on relevant ideas and concepts from social practice theory and science and technology studies, principally prefiguration (constraints/enablement), black-boxing, heating and cooling practices, this paper demonstrates how the relationship between buildings and people could be reconceptualized as mutually constitutive and co-evolving through a process of ‘interactive adaptation’. The concept of ‘interactive adaptation’ is explored through a novel approach to integrating physical and social data collected from a sample of dwellings selected from the RftF programme. Analysis yields insights into the influences and pathways of interactive adaptation resulting from retrofit technology and practices. The implications of these insights for policy-makers, the research community and practitioners are discussed: end-use energy demand policy needs to be informed by a socio-technical approach.  相似文献   
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INCREMENTAL CONCEPT FORMATION ALGORITHMS BASED ON GALOIS (CONCEPT) LATTICES   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
The Galois (or concept) lattice produced from a binary relation has proved useful for many applications. Building the Galois lattice can be considered a conceptual clustering method because it results in a concept hierarchy. This article presents incremental algorithms for updating the Galois lattice and corresponding graph, resulting in an incremental concept formation method. Different strategies are considered based on a characterization of the modifications implied by such an update. Results of empirical tests are given in order to compare the performance of the incremental algorithms to three other batch algorithms. Surprisingly, when the total time for incremental generation is used, the simplest and less efficient variant of the incremental algorithms outperforms the batch algorithms in most cases. When only the incremental update time is used, the incremental algorithm outperforms all the batch algorithms. Empirical evidence shows that, on the average, the incremental update is done in time proportional to the number of instances previously treated. Although the worst case is exponential, when there is a fixed upper bound on the number of features related to an instance, which is usually the case in practical applications, the worst-case analysis of the algorithm also shows linear growth with respect to the number of instances.  相似文献   
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Knowledge Discovery in Complex Objects   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Learning concepts and rules from structured (complex) objects is a quite challenging but very relevant problem in the area of machine learning and knowledge discovery. In order to take into account and exploit the semantic relationships that hold between atomic components of structured objects, we propose a knowledge discovery process, which starts from a set of complex objects to produce a set of related atomic objects (called contexts). The second step of the process makes use of the concatenation product to get a global context in which binary relations of individual contexts coexist with relations produced by the application of some operators to individual contexts. The last step permits the discovery of concepts and implication rules using the concept lattice as a framework in order to discover and interpret nontrivial concepts and rules that may relate different components of complex objects. This paper focuses on two main steps of the knowledge discovery process, namely data mining and interpretation.  相似文献   
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In this paper, we define a sound and complete inference system for triadic implications generated from a formal triadic context , where G, M, and B are object, attribute, and condition sets, respectively, and I is a ternary relation . The inference system is expressed as a set of axioms “à la Armstrong.” The type of triadic implications we are considering in this paper is called conditional attribute implication (CAI) and has the following form: , where X and Y are subsets of M, and is a subset of B. Such implication states that Ximplies Y under all conditions in and any subset of it. Moreover, we propose a method to compute CAIs from Biedermann's implications. We also introduce an algorithm to compute the closure of an attribute set X w.r.t. a set Σ of CAIs given a set of conditions.  相似文献   
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The UK governmental strategy for fulfilling Article 3 of the Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings was implemented through the introduction of the Building and Approved Inspectors (Amendment) Regulations 2006 (England and Wales). These regulations defined the ‘National Calculation Methodology’ as the unified route for demonstrating compliance with energy performance criteria and required the use of accredited building energy performance prediction tools to implement associated calculations. A mixed-method study was used to synthesize a comprehensive assessment of the viability of adopting this approach for the new non-domestic sector. Key parameters of success measuring the adaptive capability of the UK construction industry, applicability of the methodology and suitability of accredited tools were developed as the framework for evaluation. The main findings outline shortcomings in the adaptation strategy adopted by industry, inconsistent implementation/enforcement approaches and fundamental tool limitations. The research concludes that although a number of positive aspects can be associated with the use of this approach for compliance demonstration, considerable efforts are required to extend its usefulness as a credible legislative support tool. Key recommendations are provided in the fields of research and development, policy formulation, and future industry practice.

La stratégie gouvernementale britannique pour s'acquitter des obligations prévues à l'Article 3 de la Directive sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments a été mise en oeuvre grâce à l'introduction de la Réglementation 2006 (Modifiée) relative au Bâtiment et aux Inspecteurs Agréés (Angleterre et Pays de Galles). Cette réglementation a défini la « Méthodologie Nationale de Calcul » comme étant la voie unifiée pour démontrer la conformité aux critères de performance énergétique et a fait obligation d'utiliser des outils agréés de prévision des performances énergétiques des bâtiments pour mettre en oeuvre les calculs associés. Il a été utilisé une étude à méthodologie mixte pour synthétiser une évaluation globale de la viabilité de l'adoption de cette approche pour le nouveau secteur non domestique. Il a été développé comme cadre d'évaluation des paramètres clés de réussite mesurant la capacité d'adaptation de l'industrie britannique du bâtiment, l'applicabilité de la méthodologie et la pertinence des outils agréés. Les principaux résultats obtenus exposent les défauts de la stratégie d'adaptation adoptée par l'industrie, les incohérences dans les approches adoptées pour la mise en oeuvre/en vigueur et les limites fondamentales des outils. Ce travail de recherche conclue que, bien qu'un certain nombre d'aspects positifs puisse être associé à l'utilisation de cette approche pour démontrer la conformité, des efforts considérables sont nécessaires pour étendre son utilité en tant qu'outil crédible de soutien législatif. Il est fourni des recommandations clés dans les domaines de la recherche et développement, de la formulation des politiques et des pratiques futures de l'industrie.

Mots clés: performances des bâtiments, réglementation du bâtiment, évaluation de la conformité, prévision énergétique, politique européenne, réglementation basée sur les performances  相似文献   
8.
In this paper, we show how the existence of taxonomies on objects and/or attributes can be used in Formal Concept Analysis to help discover generalized concepts. To that end, we analyze three generalization cases ( ?, ?, and α) and present different scenarios of a simultaneous generalization on both objects and attributes. We also discuss the cardinality of the generalized pattern set against the number of simple patterns produced from the initial data set.  相似文献   
9.
Neural Processing Letters - Visible–infrared cross-modality person re-identification is a realistic problem of person re-identification. Under poor illumination scenario, general methods of...  相似文献   
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