CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE BONAB KEBABS SOLD IN TABRIZ MARKET

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to determine chemical composition and microbiological quality of the Bonab kebabs sold in the Tabriz market. In the chemical analysis, pH, moisture, protein, fat and salt contents, as well as some minerals such as Na, K, Fe and Cu were determined both for raw and cooked samples. The samples were examined for aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, mold and yeast, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. to observe the hygienic quality of the Bonab kebabs. The results of the chemical analysis showed 5.99–6.45 pH, 66.23–56.94% of moisture, 14.3–19.59% of protein, 14.05–18.58% of fat, 2.06–2.72% of ash and 1.27–1.96% of salt values for the raw–cooked samples, respectively. The results for minerals were (mg/100 g): 0.72–1.06 Fe, 0.21–0.27 Cu, 573–745 Na and 616–913 K. The microbiological analysis showed 6.75–3.22 cfu/g APC, 5.30–1.69 cfu/g coliforms, 3.36–0 cfu/g Clostridium and 4.53–3.39 cfu/g mold and yeast for the raw–cooked samples, respectively. In conclusion, it could be proposed from the data that the Bonab kebabs sold in Tabriz market had acceptable nutritional value and hygienic quality, but future inspections are necessary for the hygenic quality of places which prepare these foods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

A wide range of ready‐to‐eat foods have been reported as a source of foodborne diseases in different countries. Because of lack of information on the incidence of foodborne diseases related to Bonab kebabs and absence of microbiological standards for this food product, the survey reported here was undertaken to explore populations and profiles of microorganisms on raw and cooked kebabs. Data reported for the first time from this study could be used to inform kebab producers and consumers of the potentially associated microbial hazards and adequate means for food protection.     

Role of MgF2 on properties of glass–ceramics

Formation of machinable glass–ceramic in the system MgO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–K₂O–B₂O₃–F with and without addition of MgF₂ has been investigated. Crystallization of glass sample was done by controlled thermal heat treatment at nucleation and crystallization temperatures. The results showed that MgF₂ in high concentration had a synergistic effect and enhanced the formation of interlocked mica crystals. Non-isothermal DTA experiments showed that the crystallization activation energies of base glasses were changed in the range of 235–405 kJ/mol, while the crystallization activation energies of samples with addition of MgF₂ were changed in the range of 548–752 kJ/mol.     

Design of MMIC oscillators using GaAs 0.2 μm PHEMT technology

We propose a feedback type oscillator and two negative resistance oscillators.These microwave oscillators have been designed in the S band frequency.A relatively symmetric resonator is used in the feed...     

Design of MMIC oscillators using GaAs 0.2 μm PHEMT technology

We propose a feedback type oscillator and two negative resistance oscillators.These microwave oscillators have been designed in the S band frequency.A relatively symmetric resonator is used in the feedback type oscillator.The first negative resistance oscillator uses a simple lumped element resonator which is substituted by a microstrip resonator in the second oscillator to improve results.The negative resistance oscillator produces 4.207 dBm and 7.124 dBm output power with the lumped element resonator and microstrip resonator respectively,and the feedback type oscillator produces ?10.707 dBm output power.The feedback type oscillator operates at 3 GHz with phase noise levels at-83.30 dBc/Hz and-103.3 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies respectively.The phase noise levels of the negative resistance oscillator with the lumped element resonator are-94.64 dBc/Hz and-116 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies respectively,at an oscillation frequency of 3.053 GHz.With the microstrip resonator the phase noise levels are-99.49 dBc/Hz and-119.641 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies respectively,at an oscillation frequency of 3.072 GHz.The results showed that both the output power and the phase noise of the negative resistance oscillators were better than those of the feedback type oscillator.     

The ε-phase in rapidly solidified ferrous alloys

An Fe-1.9 wt% Si-4.2 wt% C alloy has been rapidly quenched from the melt in a controlled-atmosphere gun splat-cooling device to produce material consisting predominantly of the hexagonal close-packed-phase. The techniques of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis have been used to study the nature of the-phase and its decomposition during heat treatment. The presence of the metastable-phase could not be accounted for as the transformation product of a low stacking-fault energy austenite, and it appears to be formed directly from the liquid state. It has a complex and variable microstructure, which ranges from elongated, relatively featureless grains in the most rapidly-cooled areas to highly-faulted and twinned structural units containing precipitate particles. The-phase undergoes a two-stage decomposition process upon heating, but the first stage does not appear to involve the formation of martensite and-carbide, which has been the hitherto accepted reaction. As an alternative it is suggested that the-phase may decompose by a spinodal reaction.     

Splat cooling of iron-molybdenum-carbon alloys

Two molybdenum alloy steels, which normally undergo the austenite martensite phase transformation during solid state quenching, have been rapidly cooled from the melt in a controlled atmosphere gun splat cooling device. The matrix phases produced were-ferrite, martensite, and austenite; the carbide Mo₂C was also present in the as-quenched condition in the higher alloy composition studied. The amount of austenite retained to room temperature was found to be inversely related to the cooling rate. The morphology of the martensite in the splat-cooled alloys exhibited a marked change compared with its characteristic appearance in the conventionally solid-state quenched material. This was attributed to the dual effect of increased cooling rate on carbon segregation in the parent austenite and of decreased section thickness in which the martensite forms. The degree of solute segregation observed in the microstructures of the matrix phases was shown to depend on the extent of the equilibrium liquidus-solidus temperature range. The precipitation of Mo₂C during ageing in the range 600 to 700° C paralleled the behaviour of conventionally quenched and tempered alloys, although local inhomogeneities did produce precipitation phenomena not encountered in solid-state quenched material.     

Feasibility of imperialist competitive algorithm to predict the surface settlement induced by tunneling

Surface settlement is considered as an adverse effect induced by tunneling in the civil projects. This paper proposes the use of the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) for predicting the maximum surface settlement (MMS) resulting from the tunneling. For this work, three forms of equations, i.e., linear, quadratic and power are developed and their weights are then optimized/updated with the ICA. The requirement datasets were collected from the line No. 2 of Karaj urban railway, in Iran. In the ICA models, vertical to horizontal stress ratio, cohesion and Young’s modulus, as the effective parameters on the MSS, are adopted as the inputs. The statistical performance parameters such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and square correlation coefficient (R²) are presented and compared to validate the performance. The findings indicate that the developed ICA-based models with the R² of 0.979, 0.948 and 0.941, obtained from ICA power, ICA quadratic and ICA linear models, respectively, are the acceptable and accurate tools to estimate MSS, and furthermore prove their prediction capability for future research works in this field.