The Effect of Interface Cracks on the Electrical Performance of Solar Cells

Among a variety of solar cell types, thin-film solar cells have been rigorously investigated as cost-effective and efficient solar cells. In many cases, flexible solar cells are also fabricated as thin films and undergo frequent stress due to the rolling and bending modes of applications. These frequent motions result in crack initiation and propagation (including delamination) in the thin-film solar cells, which cause degradation in efficiency. Reliability evaluation of solar cells is essential for developing a new type of solar cell. In this paper, we investigated the effect of layer delamination and grain boundary crack on 3D thin-film solar cells. We used finite element method simulation for modeling of both electrical performance and cracked structure of 3D solar cells. Through simulations, we quantitatively calculated the effect of delamination length on 3D copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cell performance. Moreover, it was confirmed that the grain boundary of CIGS could improve the solar cell performance and that grain boundary cracks could decrease cell performance by altering the open circuit voltage. In this paper, the investigated material is a CIGS solar cell, but our method can be applied to general polycrystalline solar cells.     

Variables Applicable to Benchmarking of Tap-Hole Life-Cycle Management Practices in Coke-Bed-Based Ferroalloy Production

Benchmarking is a tool available to furnace operators to evaluate their tap-hole life-cycle management practices against those of their peers. It allows furnace operators to challenge their own practices in order to increase furnace utilization. To facilitate the benchmarking process, it is necessary to define the variables to be considered and how they relate to one another. This article develops, from the literature and industry interviews, a holistic conceptualization of the variables that form part of tap-hole lifecycle management and performance. Specifically, the article focuses on the variables related to coke-bed-based processes (FeCr, SiMn, and HCFeMn) applying SAF technology of circular design.     

Removal of Antimony and Bismuth from Copper Electrorefining Electrolyte: Part II—An Investigation of Two Proprietary Solvent Extraction Extractants

Antimony and bismuth recovery from copper electrorefining electrolyte could reduce the impacts of these problem elements and produce a new primary source for them. Two proprietary phosphonic acid ester extractants were examined (REX-1 and REX-2) for the removal of antimony and bismuth from copper electrorefining electrolytes. Experimentation included shakeout and break tests to determine the basic parameters for the extractants in terms of maximum loading, break times, and extraction and stripping efficiency. Five permutations of extractant mixtures (100 wt.% REX-1 and 25 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 75 wt.% and 100 wt.% REX-2) were studied. It was determined that REX-2 was able to extract Sb and Bi from the electrolyte, but required some mixture with REX-1 to better facilitate stripping with 400 g/L sulfuric acid. The laboratory electrorefining electrolyte containing glue had faster disengagement times than a synthetic solution without glue.     

Measurement of Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio of Thermal Barrier Coating Based on Bending of Three-Layered Plate

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to protect the hot sections of gas turbine engines and airplane engines. A TBC system comprises a substrate, bond coat, and TBC topcoat. The development of an accurate method for determining the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of TBC using a multilayered specimen is of importance. In this study, we applied the bending theory of a laminated plate to a three-layered material and proposed models to determine the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the TBC layer using the bending strain of the TBC system specimen. Three methods were developed by utilizing (i) the coating biaxial strain, (ii) substrate biaxial strain, or (iii) coating and substrate biaxial strains. Subsequently, we determined appropriate dimensions of the specimen and span by using three-dimensional finite element analysis, and numerically verified the usefulness of the three proposed methods. However, the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio determined using the multilayered specimen with a substrate are sensitive to experimental errors. Therefore, we evaluated the sensitivity of the three proposed methods to experimental error, and we determined the most insensitive method among them. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated the usefulness of this method.     

Thermodynamic Properties of Superionic Phase Ag<Subscript>4</Subscript>HgSe<Subscript>2</Subscript>I<Subscript>2</Subscript> Determined by the EMF Method

Triangulation of the Ag-Hg-Se-I system in the vicinity of quaternary phase Ag₄HgSe₂I₂ was performed by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and electromotive force (EMF) methods. The spatial position of the phase region Ag₄HgSe₂I₂-Se-HgI₂ regarding the figurative point of silver was used to write the chemical reaction of formation of Ag₄HgSe₂I₂. The EMF measurements were carried out by applying an electrochemical cell: (–) C|Ag|Ag₂GeS₃ glass|Ag₄HgSe₂I₂, HgI₂, Se|C (+), where C is graphite and Ag₂GeS₃ glass is the fast purely Ag⁺ ions conducting electrolyte. The linear dependence of the EMF of the electrochemical cell on temperature was used to determine the standard thermodynamic values of Ag₄HgSe₂I₂ for the first time.     

First Principle and Experimental Study for Site Preferences of Formability Improved Alloying Elements in Mg Crystal

Some alloying elements (Al, Er, Gd, Li, Mn, Sn, Y, Zn) were proved recently by calculations or experiments to improve the formability of Mg alloys, but ignoring their site preference in Mg crystals during the calculated process. A crystallographic model was built via first principle calculations to predict the site preferences of these elements. Regularities between doping elements and site preferences were summarized. Meanwhile, in the basis of the crystallographic model, a series of formulas were deduced combining the diffraction law. It predicted that a crystal plane with abnormal XRD peak intensity of the Mg-based solid solutions, compared to that of the pure Mg, prefers to possess solute atoms. Thus, three single-phase solid solution alloys were then prepared through an original In-situ Solution Treatment, and their XRD patterns were compared. Finally, the experiment further described the site preferences of these solute atoms in Mg crystal, verifying the calculation results.     

Effects of Solution Treatment Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TIG–MIG Hybrid Arc Additive Manufactured 5356 Aluminum Alloy

A novel additive manufacturing method with TIG–MIG hybrid heat source was applied for fabricating 5356 aluminum alloy component. In this paper the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture morphologies of both as-deposited and heat-treated component were investigated, and how these were affected by different heat-treated temperature. The as-deposited microstructure showed dominant equiaxed grains with second phase, and the size of them is coarse in the bottom region, medium in the middle region and fine in the top region owing to different thermal cycling conditions. Compared with as-deposited microstructure, the size of grain becomes large and second phases gradually dissolve in the matrix as heat-treated temperature increase. Different microstructures determine the mechanical properties of component. Results show that average ultimate tensile strength enhances from 226 to 270 MPa and average microhardness increases from 64.2 to 75.3 HV0.1 but ductility decreases from 33 to 6.5% with heat-treated temperature increasing. For all components, the tensile properties are almost the same in the vertical direction (Z) and horizontal direction (Y) due to equiaxed grains, which exhibits isotropy, and the mechanisms of these are analyzed in detailed. In general, the results demonstrate that hybrid arc heat source has the potential to fabricate aluminum alloy component.     

Energy Detection in Hoyt/Gamma Fading Channel with Micro-Diversity Reception

Spectrum sensing is the important function of cognitive radio and energy detection is the most popular technique used for spectrum sensing. Detection of the availability of unused spectrum for the secondary user becomes difficult when the channel is affected by composite multipath/shadowed fading. In this paper, the performance analysis of an Energy Detector in Hoyt/gamma composite fading channel with Maximum Ratio Combining employing micro-diversity is analyzed. Analytical expressions for performance parameters, i.e., the average probability of detection and the average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve are evaluate. The effect of diversity on the performance of energy detector is also studied. Monte-Carlo simulation results have verified the accuracy of the proposed analysis.     

Prediction of Water Inrush Areas Under an Unconsolidated,Confined Aquifer: The Application of Multi-information Superposition Based on GIS and AHP in the Qidong Coal Mine,China

The complex geological and hydrogological conditions under the unconsolidated and confined aquifer in the Qidong coal mine have resulted in serious water-inrush hazards. Multi-information superposition was used to predict water inrush areas. Six controlling factors (the specific yield, the effective thickness and load transfer coefficient of the aquifer, the fractal dimensional value of bedrock faults, the effective thickness of the protective bedrock layer, and the distance between the key hard stratum and the primary mineable coal seam) were selected, and a multi-information superposition model was established. Relatively safe areas and medium and higher risk areas were identified using a geographic information system (GIS) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Using the no. 7₁ primary coal seam in the northern portion of the Qidong mine as an example, the water-inrush areas predicted by the model aligned with observed conditions, which validates the multi-information superposition model. Potential inrush areas of the no. 6₁, 8₂, and 9 primary coal seams in the southern portion of the Qidong mine were subsequently identified using this method, which will aid future mining operation.     

Study on the optimization of the decolorization of orange essential oil

The effects of diatomite, activated clay and acticarbon on the decolorization of orange essential oil were investigated. Single factor and orthogonal tests were performed to determine the optimum discoloring conditions. The results showed that the activated clay exhibited the most satisfactory effect on discoloring. Then it was used as the decolorizer for the decolorization of orange essential oil. The highest decolorization rate (84.5%) was obtained using 10% activated clay at 60 °C for 30 min. The contents of oxygenated compounds (linalool and citral) increased from 1.4 to 3.1% after decolorization. Sensory assessment revealed that the orange essential oil after decolorization using activated clay had a mellow and characteristic orange aroma. Chromaticity analysis showed that it had excellent transparency and yellow color under the optimized condition. Thus, decolorization with activated clay could maintain the quality and prolong the storage of orange essential oil.