The role of microstructural evolution during spark plasma sintering on the soft magnetic and electronic properties of a CoFe–Al2O3 soft magnetic composite

Journal of Materials Science - For transformers and inductors to meet the world’s growing demand for electrical power, more efficient soft magnetic materials with high saturation magnetic...     

Influence of market orientation on performance: the moderating roles of customer participation breadth and depth in new product development

ABSTRACT

With a greater number of B2B firms integrating customers into the new product development (NPD) process, how to utilize customer involvement in NPD is an important decision because it may be a double-edged sword carrying both bright and dark sides. Utilizing a sample of 193 B2B firms across various industries, we validate previous research that suggests market orientation positively influences NPD performance and subsequently examine how this relationship may either be enhanced or diminished contingent upon how customers are utilized in the NPD process. The results show that the market orientation–NPD performance relationship is enhanced by having customers participate in a greater number of activities throughout NPD (customer participation breadth) and diminished when customers are involved at deeper levels (customer participation depth). This research suggests that the exact involvement of customers is a critical decision and has clear implications for the dialogues about customer involvement and management of customer relationships.     

Bioelectronic protein nanowire sensors for ammonia detection

Electronic sensors based on biomaterials can lead to novel green technologies that are low cost, renewable, and eco-friendly. Here we demonstrate bioelectronic ammonia sensors made from protein nanowires harvested from the microorganism Geobacter sulfurreducens. The nanowire sensor responds to a broad range of ammonia concentrations (10 to 10⁶ ppb), which covers the range relevant for industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications. The sensor also demonstrates high selectivity to ammonia compared to moisture and other common gases found in human breath. These results provide a proof-of-concept demonstration for developing protein nanowire based gas sensors for applications in industry, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and healthcare.

     

Genomic merit for reproductive traits. I: Estrous characteristics and fertility in Holstein heifers

Genetic selection of dairy cattle in the United States has included reproductive traits (daughter pregnancy rate, DPR; heifer conception rate, HCR), which is believed to have partly contributed to halting the decline in reproductive performance. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the association among genomic merit for DPR (GDPR) and HCR (GHCR) with estrous characteristics measured by an automated device. Holstein heifers (n = 1,005) were genotyped at 2 mo of age and were classified into quartiles (Q1 = lowest, Q4 = highest) according to the GDPR and GHCR values of the study population. At 10 to 11 mo of age, heifers were fitted with a collar that recorded activity and rumination and determined the occurrence of estrus according to changes in activity and rumination compared with the individual's baseline values. Estrous characteristics of spontaneous estruses (SPE) and PGF_2α-synchronized estruses (PGSE) were recorded. Heifers had their estrous cycle synchronized with PGF_2α and following detection of estrus received either artificial insemination or embryo transfer according to the herd's genetic selection program. Heifers in Q2 (17.7 ± 0.3 h) of GHCR tended to have longer SPE than heifers in Q4 (16.7 ± 0.3 h). The interaction between GDPR and GHCR was associated with the likelihood of activity peak (0 = no estrus, 100 = maximum activity) ≥80 at SPE because, among heifers in Q3 and Q4 of GHCR, those in Q1 of GDPR were less likely to have an activity peak ≥80. Heifers in Q1 and Q2 of GDPR had reduced hazard of estrus within 7 d of the first PGF_2α treatment compared with heifers in Q4 of GDPR. Heifers in Q1 (16.1 ± 0.4 h) of GDPR had shorter PGSE than heifers in Q2 (17.6 ± 0.4 h) and Q4 (17.4 ± 0.4 h) and tended to have shorter PGSE than heifers in Q3 (17.4 ± 0.4 h). Rumination nadir on the day of PGSE was greater for heifers in Q1 (?30.1 ± 0.9 min/d) of GDPR compared with heifers in Q4 (?33.7 ± 0.9 min/d). Among heifers receiving only artificial insemination, those in Q1 of GHCR (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.65; 95% confidence interval = 0.48–0.88) became pregnant at a slower rate than heifers in Q4. Genomic merit for HCR was negatively associated with SPE but tended to be positively associated with hazard of pregnancy, whereas GDPR was positively associated with PGSE and hazard of estrus. Selection of dairy cattle for DPR and HCR may improve reproductive performance through different pathways, namely estrous characteristics and pregnancy establishment.     

Alpha‐Lipoic Acid Supplementation Reduces mTORC1 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle from High Fat Fed,Obese Zucker Rats

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is hyperactive in liver, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues of obese rodents. Alpha‐lipoic acid (αLA) has been well accepted as a weight‐loss treatment, though there are limited studies on its effect on mTOR signaling in high‐fat fed, obese rodents. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine mTOR signaling and oxidative protein alterations in skeletal muscle of high‐fat fed, obese rats after αLA supplementation. Phosphorylation of the mTOR substrate, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) and eIF4B were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in muscle from αLA supplemented rats. Activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), an mTOR inhibitory kinase, was higher (p < 0.05) in the αLA group. Protein expression of markers of oxidative metabolism, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX IV), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR), and PPAR gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after αLA supplementation compared to non‐supplemented group. Our findings show that αLA supplementation limits the negative ramifications of consuming a high fat diet on skeletal muscle markers of oxidative metabolism and mTORC1 signaling.     

Challenges in Catalytic Manufacture of Renewable Pyrrolidinones from Fermentation Derived Succinate

Fermentation derived succinic acid ammonium salt is an ideal precursor for manufacture of renewable N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) or 2-pyrrolidinone (2P) via heterogeneous catalysis. However, there are many challenges to making this a practical reality. Chief among the challenges is avoiding catalyst poisoning by fermentation by- and co-products. Battelle/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed an effective technology strategy for this purpose. The technology is a combination of purely thermal processing, followed by simple catalytic hydrogenation that together avoids catalyst poisoning from fermentation impurities and provides high selectivity and yields of NMP or 2P.

     

Specificity of a UDP‐GalNAc Pyranose–Furanose Mutase: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Campylobacter jejuni Infections

Pyranose–furanose mutases are essential enzymes in the life cycle of a number of microorganisms, but are absent in mammalian systems, and hence represent novel targets for drug development. To date, all such mutases show preferential recognition of a single substrate (e.g., UDP‐Gal). We report here the detailed structural characterization of the first bifunctional pyranose–furanose mutase, which recognizes both UDP‐Gal and UDP‐GalNAc. The enzyme under investigation (cjUNGM) is involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) in Campylobacter jejuni 11168. These CPSs are known virulence factors that are required for adhesion and invasion of human epithelial cells. Using a combination of UV/visible spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy, molecular dynamics and CORCEMA‐ST calculations, we have characterized the binding of the enzyme to both UDP‐Galp and UDP‐GalpNAc, and compared these interactions with those of a homologous monofunctional mutase enzyme from E. coli (ecUGM). These studies reveal that two arginines in cjUNGM, Arg59 and Arg168, play critical roles in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme and in controlling its specificity to ultimately lead to a GalfNAc‐containing CPS. In ecUGM, these arginines are replaced with histidine and lysine, respectively, and this results in an enzyme that is selective for UDP‐Gal. We propose that these changes in amino acids allow C. jejuni 11168 to produce suitable quantities of the sugar nucleotide substrate required for the assembly of a CPS containing GalfNAc, which is essential for viability.