Design and analysis of an aging‐aware energy management system for islanded grids using mixed‐integer quadratic programming

The rapid increase of renewable energy sources made coordinated control of the distributed and intermittent generation units a more demanded task. Matching demand and supply is particularly challenging in islanded microgrids. In this study, we have demonstrated a mixed‐integer quadratic programming (MIQP) method to achieve efficient use of sources within an islanded microgrid. A unique objective function involving fuel consumption of diesel generator, degradation in a lithium‐ion battery energy storage system, carbon emissions, load shifting, and curtailment of the renewable sources is constructed, and an optimal operating point is pursued using the MIQP approach. A systematic and extensive methodology for building the objective function is given in a sequential and explicit manner with an emphasis on a novel model‐based battery aging formulation. Performance of the designed system and a sensitivity analysis of resulting battery dispatch, diesel generator usage, and storage aging against a range of optimization parameters are presented by considering real‐world specifications of the Semakau Island, an island in the vicinity of Singapore.     

高强轻质石墨烯泡沫的制备及其应用

介绍了高强轻质石墨烯泡沫的多种制备方法[水热法、冷冻干燥法、自组装法、碳化硅(SiC)外延生长法和化学气相沉积(CVD)法等],综述了其在超级电容器(SC)、锂离子电池、太阳能电池和燃料电池、储氢/甲烷和环境处理中的应用进展。最后对高强轻质石墨烯泡沫的发展前景进行了展望。     

BMI树脂化学流变特性及化学流变模型研究

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法在室温至350℃范围内对双马来酰亚胺(BMI)5429树脂进行了分析,并研究了该树脂在室温至180℃范围内的动态黏温特性。结果表明,BMI 5429树脂的DSC曲线在100~150℃附近存在一个吸热峰,其可能来自于树脂中热塑性树脂或其预聚体的溶解吸热;在170~300℃存在一个固化放热峰;随着温度的上升,BMI 5429树脂黏度表现出3个阶段的典型变化特征:第1个阶段黏度逐步降低,130℃后黏度趋于平衡,170℃后黏度迅速增加。在80,85,90,95℃下对树脂的恒温黏度特性进行了研究,建立了基于双阿累尼乌斯黏度方程的化学流变模型,借助该模型预测了树脂在85~95℃下的低黏度工艺窗口,为BMI 5429树脂及其复合材料成型工艺应用提供了理论依据和基础数据。     

我国环境土壤中的重要超铀核素分布

Pu、Am、Np是3种重要的超铀核素，环境中的这些核素主要来源于人类的核活动，包括大气层核武器试验、核设施排放和核事故释放等。这些超铀核素不仅具有放射性，还兼具化学毒性。我国地域辽阔，环境土壤类型丰富，在当前核电事业蓬勃发展的背景下，建立和扩大我国环境土壤中这些重要超铀核素的“准本底”数据库是辐射环境安全评价的重要组成部分，也是公众关心的热点问题。近30多年来，研究人员对我国不同环境土壤中这几种超铀核素从不同科学角度开展了调查测量研究。本文对此进行整理和分析，对我国环境土壤中这些重要超铀核素（主要是Pu核素，还包括241Am和237Np）的来源、浓度水平和分布特征进行讨论和综述，为辐射环境安全评价奠定基础。     

Herpes simplex virus-2 transmission probability estimates based on quantity of viral shedding

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically, and most sexual transmissions occur during asymptomatic shedding. It would be helpful to identify a genital viral load threshold necessary for transmission, as clinical interventions that maintain viral quantity below this level would be of high utility. However, because viral expansion, decay and re-expansion kinetics are extremely rapid during shedding episodes, it is impossible to directly measure genital viral load at the time of sexual activity. We developed a mathematical model based on reproducing shedding patterns in transmitting partners, and median number of sex acts prior to transmission in discordant couples, to estimate infectivity of single viral particles in the negative partner''s genital tract. We then inferred probability estimates for transmission at different levels of genital tract viral load in the transmitting partner. We predict that transmission is unlikely at viral loads less than 10⁴ HSV DNA copies. Moreover, most transmissions occur during prolonged episodes with high viral copy numbers. Many shedding episodes that result in transmission do not reach the threshold of clinical detection, because the ulcer remains very small, highlighting one reason why HSV-2 spreads so effectively within populations.     

Facile synthesis of three‐dimensional graphene networks by magnetron sputtering for supercapacitor electrode

Three‐dimensional (3D) graphene network deposition on Ni foam without any conductive agents and polymer binders was successfully synthesized by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at low temperature. The direct and close contact between graphene and Ni foam is beneficial to the enhanced conductivity of the electrode, as well as the improvement of ion diffusion/transport into the electrode. As a result, the 3D graphene network deposition on Ni foam electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 122.0 F g⁻¹ at 1.0 A g⁻¹ and excellent cycle stability with capacitance retention of 99.0% after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. The work shows a new way to facile synthesis of 3D graphene network for various applications in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controlled Formation of Sm(III) Doping Polymer Thin Films Based on a New Macroligand with β-Diketonate

The macroligand of poly(vinyl ketone) has been synthesized. Chelation of polymeric ligands to Sm(III) ions produced metal-centered polymers, which were characterized by ¹H-NMR, FT-IR, UV–Vis, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. A poly(vinyl ketone)/Sm(III) thin film was further prepared in situ. This method demonstrates easy processing relative to other methods of obtaining macroligands and Sm(III) complex films. The emission spectrum of the complex film excited by the 325.0 nm He–Cd line was measured at room temperature in the visible region and showed an efficient antenna effect to sensitize the poly(vinyl ketone)–Sm complex. Thus, the material may be used as a material for PLED devices.     

降低硫黄装置尾气SO2排放浓度的探索

中国石油化工股份有限公司塔河分公司2×104 t/a硫黄回收装置于2004年10月底建成,12月7日开工,开工后经一年多调整工艺操作,硫黄装置尾气中SO2排放浓度达不到设计值,超标排放,经查找原因,有4大影响因素:①克劳斯系统不能精确配风;②尾气吸收塔填料直径大,溶剂循环量设计偏小;③溶剂温度高,冷却不下;④溶剂再生超...     

纳米银粒子对聚苯胺的电性能的影响

采用原位法一步合成了聚苯胺/纳米银复合粒子,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜及红外光谱对其结构进行了表征.制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/聚苯胺修饰纳米银粒子复合薄膜,研究了聚苯胺纳米银复合粒子对复合薄膜电性能的影响.结果表明:采用原位法合成的聚苯胺修饰纳米银复合粒子的分散性良好,尺寸均匀,粒子平均尺寸...     

Facile fabrication of hierarchically flowerlike Ag microstructure for SERS application

Hierarchically flowerlike Ag microstructure with uniform silver nanosheets as building blocks has been facilely prepared on a composite film surface via in situ reduction of Ag⁺ by a polyaniline component. The morphology of the as-prepared Ag microstructure is determined by the reaction duration, not the concentration of Ag⁺ in the reaction process. The complex geometry, rough surface, and interlaced nanosheets of the hierarchical Ag microstructure create interstitial sites and thus result in enhanced Raman signals.