化工项目环境影响评价工程分析的思考

本文通过实例分析,对化工项目环境影响评价工程分析的内容、方法等进行探讨.根据化工项目的特点,提出化工项目环境影响评价工程分析必须增加的内容和重点,以及在工程分析方法上要注意的问题.     

Is floating photovoltaic better than conventional photovoltaic? Assessing environmental impacts

Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy installations are growing all over the world as a promising renewable alternative to generate electricity. However, many studies have highlighted some drawbacks associated with the installation and operation of conventional solar energy power plants. Thus, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have been emerging as a new concept in solar energy to lessen negative environmental impacts caused by allocation of conventional PV facilities. This paper is an overview of the potential negative and positive environmental impacts caused by photovoltaic systems with particular interest on large-scale conventional and floating photovoltaic. This study addresses and compares the impacts at all phases of project implementation, which covers planning, construction, and operation and decommissioning, focusing on ambient located in the tropics. The overall impacts associated with project allocation such as deforestation (for the project implementation and site accessing), bird mortality, erosion, runoff, and change in microclimate are expected to have higher magnitudes for the implementation of conventional PV facilities. The results highlight advantages of FPV over conventional PV during the operational and decommissioning phases as well. Though, further studies are required to assess both qualitative and quantitative aspects of installations in similar areas.     

氯霉素酶联免疫分析方法的建立

以兔抗氯霉素多抗为包被抗体,氯霉素（CAP）辣根过氧化物酶连接物为标记物,四甲基联苯胺（TMB）为显色底物,建立了氯霉素直接竞争酶联免疫分析（CAP-EIA）方法.本方法灵敏度为0.046 μg /L,批内变异系数＜10%,批间变异系数＜24%,回收率62%～145%.用牛奶样品预处理所得上清液为稀释液做得稀释实验,相关方程为y=3.988x-0.234, 相关系数为0.999.标准曲线范围为0.1～10 μg /L.     

Comparative analysis of public participation in the EIA process for Thai overseas investment projects: Krabi coal terminal,Hongsa coal power plant,and Dawei special economic zone

While Thai overseas investment projects (TOIPs) have become a key form of development in the region, their environmental impact assessment (EIA) quality has been criticized. This research sought to analyze the differences in EIA practices in terms of public participation (PP) in two TOIPs – the Hongsa coal-fired power plant (Lao PDR) and the Dawei special economic zone (Myanmar) – versus a national-level project, the Krabi coal terminal. For Laos and Myanmar, which did not previously require PP, the Thai consultants did not apply the Thai PP framework, leading to poor public participation index (PPI) scores = 0.02, indicating a negligible PP process. However, the consultant on the Krabi coal terminal claimed to abide by the Thai regulations, yet the PPI scores claimed = 0.81 (substantive rationale), were quite different from those indicated by the affected villagers = 0.39 (instrumental rationale). These villagers’ concerns resulted in conflict between the affected villagers and project owners. Our findings have revealed the true necessity of PP regulation and systems to monitor consultant performance to ensure sustainability of TOIPs in neighboring countries.     

开发区区域环评与规划环评的比较研究

规划环评和区域环评有很多重复以及相似之处,但又各有不同或侧重点。然而,这一点在相关实践及环评报告编制过程中并没有很明确的体现,反而出现了混乱。因此,本文从评价内容、评价重点、评价对象、原则等方面对区域环评和规划环评进行比较,一方面通过比较能够进行更明确的区分,另一方面通过对比来预测开发区环评的未来趋势。     

补办生态类建设项目的环境影响评价——以某水库除险加固工程为例

补办生态类建设项目的环境评价思路主要为查漏补缺,即加强现场踏勘,核实工程建设内容,调查工程环保措施落实情况,找出环境遗留问题,提出整改措施,力促环境效益最大化,并以某水库除险加固工程补办环评为实例进行说明。     

环境非政府组织在环境影响评价中的作用探讨

概述了环境非政府组织的涵义、环境非政府组织的专业性优势和公益性优势,进一步分析了公众参与的主体和形式,以及公众在参与环境影响评价过程中存在的局限性,包括公众的环境意识不强、公众不能对项目发布信息进行有效加工、公众在参与环境影响评价决策过程中缺乏影响力。结合环境非政府组织的优势得出环境非政府组织在公众参与中可以发挥积极作用,主要为沟通桥梁作用、为普通公众提供技术信息支持、教育宣传作用、增强公众的影响力、后续监督作用。     

An LCA-based environmental impact assessment model for construction processes

A quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of construction activities can help decision-makers identify major environmental impact factors and make environmentally friendly construction plans in the early stages of construction. This paper presents an integrated life cycle environmental impact assessment model that is applicable to construction phase studies, where impact factors are examined according to two aspects of a typical construction process: construction equipment and ancillary materials. Environmental impacts are categorized into three safeguard subjects: ecosystems, natural resources and human health. A disability adjusted life year (DALY) model for assessing human health damage due to construction dust is developed. In addition, the environmental impact of earthwork construction is assessed as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed model. Results indicate that the proposed model can effectively quantify the environmental impacts of construction processes, and can potentially be used as a tool for contractors to select environmentally friendly construction plans.     

Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings

Energy efficiency in new building construction has become a key target to lower nation-wide energy use. The goals of this paper are to estimate life-cycle energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings using an integrated design approach, and estimate the implications from a cost on energy-based carbon emissions. A total of 576 energy simulations are run for 12 prototypical buildings in 16 cities, with 3 building designs for each building-location combination. Simulated energy consumption and building cost databases are used to determine the life-cycle cost-effectiveness and carbon emissions of each design. The results show conventional energy efficiency technologies can be used to decrease energy use in new commercial buildings by 20-30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. These reductions can often be done at negative life-cycle costs because the improved efficiencies allow the installation of smaller, cheaper HVAC equipment. These improvements not only save money and energy, but reduce a building’s carbon footprint by 16% on average. A cost on carbon emissions from energy use increases the return on energy efficiency investments because energy is more expensive, making some cost-ineffective projects economically feasible.     

The importance of a hierarchical ecosystem classification for the biological evaluation and selection of least valuable sites

This paper suggests that for assessment studies, divisions into a core region (ecoseries), an immediate surrounding (ecosecction) and a wider surrounding (ecodistrict) should be used in ecosystem classification. A methodology to classify sites was set up and, making use of ten sites for biological evaluation in Belgium, it was shown how a hierarchical ecosystem classification could improve categorisation. Often the visual characteristics of the surrounding landscape, such as diversity or connectivity, mask the features of the core zone itself (ecoseries). Using different hierarchic ecosystem levels is a direct and effective help to avoid this masking and to give more importance to existing nuances.