Selecting a waste management option using a life-cycle analysis approach

Solid-waste management, and in particular the disposal of used packaging, is currently the subject of much topical debate. This is driven by both consumer and legislative pressures. Consumers see used packaging as a highly visible element of municipal solid waste, complaining of excessive packaging and low levels of recycling. Legislators, perhaps in pandering to the views expressed by consumer bodies, have been active within the CEC and individual Member States by introducing (or proposing) legislation or similar regulatory tools and targets to facilitate a greater diversion of used packaging from disposal by landfill to alternative solid-waste management practices, in particular recycling, which are widely accepted to have a lower impact on the environment. In this paper the relative environmental profiles of pursuing alternative solid-waste management practices to disposal by landfill are explored, focusing not just on solid waste per se but also on associated considerations of energy consumption and emissions, which are invariably overlooked as factors contributing to the environmental impact of solid-waste management practices.     

水运工程施工项目全过程管理的有效性探索

水运工程项目作为我国航运和水利的重要组成部分,其重要性不言而喻。针对现阶段水运工程项目建设和运行过程中存在的管理制度不够完善、施工材料耗损大、技术人员专业知识匮乏等问题,采用全过程管理模式对水运工程项目进行管理。通过分析影响水运工程项目全过程管理的要素,并重点从组织机构管理、质量管理、成本管理、进度管理、安全管理等方面探讨了水运工程项目全过程管理的有效性,明确了提高水运工程项目全过程管理有效性的控制重点,旨在提高企业的经济效益。     

建筑产品全寿命周期的安全管理

建筑业是一个危险性高、易发生事故的行业.从全寿命周期的角度出发将建筑产品划分为前期准备、设计、施工和竣工验收及交付使用4个阶段,分别进行每个阶段的安全现状分析,指出建筑产品安全管理工作的问题与不足,提出相应的安全措施和管理方法,对消除隐患、防止重大事故的发生,具有一定的实践指导意义.     

飞机故障预测与健康管理应用模式研究

针对现有飞机维修机制的不足进行了分析,描述了故障预测与健康管理、视情维修和自主后勤的三者之间的关系。提出了三种典型的故障预测与健康管理(PHM)应用模式,在分析比较现有三种模式优劣的基础上,进一步指出PHM的发展趋势。设计了一种飞机故障预测与健康管理(PHM)系统框架,并运用物联网技术完成了对自主保障系统的构建,能够有效提升飞机的自主保障能力。最后论证了故障预测与健康管理和持续采办与全寿命支持(CALS)之间的关系,为装备采购和全寿命支持提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

基于蒙特卡罗的高速公路项目全寿命周期成本模型

在分析高速公路项目全寿命周期成苯构成的基础上,采用成本现值和等额成本年值指标构建了高速公路项目全寿命周期成本数学模型,并针对成本计算中的不确定性,运用蒙特卡罗方法对实例进行了模拟,验证了模型和模拟方法的实用性,为高速公路项目建设方案决策和节约成本提供了科学方法和理论依据．     

Environmental life-cycle inventory of detergent-grade surfactant sourcing and production

Life-cycle inventories were compiled to characterize natural resource requirements and environmental emissions associated with the sourcing and production of selected, detergent-grade surfactants and surfactant feedstocks. Petrochemical surfactant types examined were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES). Oleochemical surfactants derived from palm oil, palm kernel oil and inedible tallow were AS, AE, AES and (for palm oil and tallow) methyl ester sulfonate. It was determined that natural resource requirements were primarily related to the source of feedstock and secondarily to surfactant type. Likewise, the composition and mass of atmospheric, aqueous and solid emissions were principally determined by feedstock source. Energy requirements varied as a function of both feedstock and surfactant type. The inventories do not support fundamental shifts in surfactant usage or feedstock sourcing on the basis of environmental concerns, as no single surfactant or feedstock was identified as superior across all resource and emissions criteria examined. The data provide baselines for evaluating opportunities for resource optimization, pollution prevention and waste minimization within each production technology surveyed.     

塔式太阳能热发电全寿命周期成本电价分析

塔式太阳能热发电是全球新能源近年发展的新亮点之一,成本电价高是制约其发展的主要原因。文中给出了塔式太阳能热发电站成本电价计算的全寿命周期模型,并结合建造成本、运营维护成本及发电量的预测,对影响成本电价的因素逐一分析,测算了中国塔式太阳能热发电站的预期成本电价。重点从材料、加工和安装运输3个维度对定日镜成本的变化趋势进行了分析。计算结果表明,成本电价随产能规模、单机装机容量及技术工艺因素的发展而下降,其中产能规模作用最为明显。     

CALS及其在武器装备全寿命管理中的应用

简要介绍了连续采办与全寿命保障(continuous acquisition and life—cycle support，CALS)产生背景，着重研究了CALS的体系结构和关键技术，CALS对武器装备全寿命中各阶段的影响；对我国武器装备实施CALS战略的可能性进行了初步探讨；指出：CALS战略是21世纪武器装备全寿命管理的必然选择。     

Design for life-cycle profit with simultaneous consideration of initial manufacturing and end-of-life remanufacturing

Remanufacturing is emerging as a promising solution for achieving green, profitable businesses. This article considers a manufacturer that produces new products and also remanufactured versions of the new products that become available at the end of their life cycle. For such a manufacturer, design decisions at the initial design stage determine both the current profit from manufacturing and future profit from remanufacturing. To maximize the total profit, design decisions must carefully consider both ends of product life cycle, i.e. manufacturing and end-of-life stages. This article proposes a decision-support model for the life-cycle design using mixed-integer nonlinear programming. With an aim to maximize the total life-cycle profit, the proposed model searches for an (at least locally) optimal product design (i.e. design specifications and the selling price) for the new and remanufactured products. It optimizes both the initial design and design upgrades at the end-of-life stage and also provides corresponding production strategies, including production quantities and take-back rate. The model is extended to a multi-objective model that maximizes both economic profit and environmental-impact saving. To illustrate, the developed model is demonstrated with an example of a desktop computer.     

基于粒子群算法的劣化桥面铺装多目标组合维护策略优化研究

发展了维护导致的间接维护成本改进模型,基于改进的桥面铺装劣化模型推导了在组合维护策略下其状态指标评估公式,建立了多目标组合维护优化模型.使用自适应粒子群优化算法,根据寿命期内维护成本现值最小化和状态指标最大化的原则,满足性能要求和预算限制约束下,优化出寿命期内成本和性能都满足要求的维护策略.以劣化水泥混凝土桥面铺装为数...