沙漠生物结皮土壤发育特征的研究

通过对沙漠生物结皮层相关的土壤特性研究表明,结皮层不仅具有明显的养分富集和细粒物质的聚集作用,而且结皮层腐殖质成份的含量以及其分子结构和复杂程度也在增加。腐殖质光学特性的变化趋势明显反映了不同地区结皮层土壤发育的地带性特征。结皮层持水量明显高于沙层,并对降水再分配有一定影响。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征

以三江平原腹地挠力河、别拉洪河、浓江河流域自然沼泽湿地为研究对象,研究了典型湿地土壤腐殖质的剖面分布及其组成特征,并探讨了土壤腐殖质与植被类型及土壤全氮含量的关系。三江平原典型湿地土壤草根层和泥炭层中胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的累计含量在整个剖面总量中的比例均大于70%,各组分相对含量分别高于35%总有机碳和23%总有机碳,其剖面分布与土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化趋势一致,由表层向下层逐渐减少。除小叶章湿地土壤草根层HA/FA值为0.97外,三江平原典型湿地土壤HA/FA均大于1,其剖面均值为1.4~2.5,表明三江平原湿地为胡敏酸型土壤.腐殖质各组份含量及其HA/FA值因植被类型而异,而与土壤全氮含量呈显著线性相关(p<0.05)。     

腐殖活性污泥对SBR工艺降解污染物的影响研究

介绍了腐殖活性污泥处理技术在国内外的发展情况,对在SBR工艺及投加腐殖土填料形成腐殖活性污泥的SBR工艺降解污染物效果进行了对比分析,结果表明：投加腐殖土填料对SBR工艺去除COD的效果没有明显影响,但可缩短COD的降解时间;投加腐殖土填料的SBR反应器对N和P去除效果明显优于普通SBR工艺。     

Identifying the regional straw potential for energetic use on the basis of statistical information

The amount of cereal straw that can be recovered from arable land and its potential usage for energy production in the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany) was assessed using statistical data from the general agricultural surveys in 2003 and 2007. Based on these surveys, the occurrence of straw, the demand by animal husbandry and the restrictions regarding humus balances were evaluated. The results indicated that the resources of straw for energetic use are not equally distributed within the state, they are rather primarily concentrated in the eastern municipalities. Altogether, an amount of 2,022,995 Mg DM straw is produced in Baden-Württemberg annually. A proportion of nearly one third of the total straw occurrence in the state could theoretically be available without endangering the supply of litter for animal husbandry and the long-term humus soil contents. The amount of these 584,564 Mg DM straw could be used as a biomass feedstock with an energy content of 10113 TJ. After transportation and conversion, 3200.6 TJ of electric energy could be generated, representing the mean consumption of 230.551 persons. Three scenarios with a higher straw availability were evaluated. The effect of a higher share of intermediate crops on arable land, the effect of a higher share of cereal crops on arable land and the combination of both modifications was calculated. The evaluation of these potential scenarios showed that the augmentation of intercropping and cereal production on arable land leads to an increased straw availability within the state.     

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传统观点认为由于奥陶系没有陆生高等植物出现，故而不会出现腐殖型有机质。首次在塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡中、上奥陶统泥灰质烃源中发现了类似于腐殖型有机质的海相偏腐殖型烃源岩。生物学、有机岩石学及核磁共振分析表明，奥陶系偏腐殖型烃源岩以宏观藻为主要生烃母质，其产物主要为凝析油和天然气。该类烃源岩主要是发育在灰泥丘沉积模式的丘间洼地和层状生物灰泥丘沉积亚相中的泥质灰岩类。该类烃源岩及其产物具有独特的生物标志化合物特征：较高的姥植比值、三环萜烷中低碳数部分含量较高及丰富的重排甾烷等。由该类烃源岩所生成的天然气的地化特征也较为特殊：较高的氮气含量、偏轻的甲烷碳同位素值和较高的干燥系数等。由于具较高的有机质丰度和生烃潜力，故该类烃源岩是塔中地区重要的气源岩。     

长期定位不同施肥处理的棕壤腐殖酸性质的研究

以长期定位试验土样为材料,对不同施肥处理土壤腐殖质组成及性质进行研究。结果表明:通过施肥提高腐殖质的含量同时能降低胡敏酸E4/E6值,增加了胡敏酸分子的复杂程度。无机肥、有机肥和无机有机肥配施均能增加胡敏酸和胡敏素的含量。土壤不同形态胡敏素含碳量不同,不溶性胡敏素含碳量最多,占总含碳量的.47.6%~57%,铁结合态胡敏素占总含碳量的3.1%~5.7%,粘粒结合态胡敏素占总含碳量的2.0%~3.7%。     

非腐解有机物对新修梯(条)田土壤的培肥效果

在新修梯 (条 )田黑垆土上进行的 2 0年秸秆还田定位试验和黄绵土施用非腐解玉米秸秆盆栽试验结果一致表明 ,秸秆直接施用较腐熟土粪更能显著提高土壤松结合态腐殖质和土壤五碳糖、六碳糖的含量 .连年施用秸秆后 ,松结合态腐殖质达到腐殖质总量的 30 %左右 ,松紧腐殖质比值接近 1∶1 ;土壤中与有机质分解转化密切相关的脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性较施化肥和粪肥显著增加 ;同时秸秆有活化土壤磷素和减缓磷吸附固定的作用 .因此 ,施用非腐解有机物是快速提高梯田土壤有机质 ,加快土壤腐殖质更新 ,增产稳产 ,保证农业持续发展的重要培肥措施之一 .     

不同施肥处理对棕壤腐殖酸组成和性质的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:施用有机肥可提高土壤腐殖酸含量, HA/FA升高,土壤胡敏酸的羧基/酚羟基比升高,E4 /E6 值较高。施化肥处理HA/FA下降,羧基/酚羟基比下降,E4 /E6 值下降。有机无机配施HA/FA下降较明显,其它指标介于有机肥和化肥之间。有机无机配施处理土壤活性胡敏酸平均含量高于有机肥和化肥。松结态腐殖酸占总腐殖酸的10% ~20%。胡敏酸占3% ~8%,富里酸占6% ~11%。施肥可显著降低松结态腐殖酸、胡敏酸和富里酸的比例。化肥的施用可促进紧结态的腐殖酸向松结态的转化,加速地力的消耗。有机无机配施处理可较大幅度地提高松结态胡敏酸的比例,而减低松结态富里酸的比例。     

Study of individual hydrocarbon's composition of gasoline fraction of Tamsagbulag oil, Mongolia

In order to conduct complex research in oil that originated in Mongolia for further application of petroleum not only as fuel but also as raw material for organic synthesis, we need to study the physical and chemical characteristics, individual and group hydrocarbon's composition of main petroleum fractions. A number of studies and surveys on the physical and chemical characteristics, group hydrocarbon's composition of petroleum deposits in Zuun-Bayan, Sukhaibulag, Tsagaan Elst, Tamsagbulag have been carried out earlier through n-g-M, aniline point, dispersimetric methods successfully. Yet a detailed chromatographical and NMR spectroscopic study for individual hydrocarbon's composition of Tamsagbulag oil main fractions has not been conducted. In the present study, the results of GC analyses of gasoline fractions of wells 19-3, 19-13 and 19-10, Tamsagbulag, Eastern Mongolia were presented. The gasoline fractions of given wells are characterized by high concentration of paraffins and presence of trace amount of olefins. A total of 69 paraffins, 45 naphthenes, 41 aromatics and 3 olefins were identified, totalling 158 individual hydrocarbons from each samples of gasoline fraction. The first attempts to classify Tamsagbulag oil under individual hydrocarbon composition data were successfully conducted and the hypothesis (supposition) of a genetic classification of given oil as “sapropelic” type was made.     

黑麦草培肥细质沙土的初步研究

黑麦草Lolium是禾本科黑麦草属植物,其根系发达,在0～30cm的土层中,总根量(2505kghm-2)是小麦总根量(960kghm-2)的2.61倍,其根系富含磷、钾营养,长期施用既可以增加土壤氮素,也有利于土壤磷、钾含量的增加。黑麦草轮作中土壤有机质含量比小麦轮作高4.48%,土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量也分别高30.70%和41.37%,说明黑麦草根茬对增加土壤养分、培肥地力作用显著。与3%麦秸相比,施用黑麦草对形成各种形态腐殖质的作用均较大;与羊粪相比,施用相同水平的黑麦草对形成松结态腐殖质的作用更大,而对形成紧结态腐殖质的作用相当;与腐殖酸铵相比较,施用相同水平的黑麦草对形成松结态腐殖质的作用较小,而对形成紧结态腐殖质的作用则较大。施用不同水平的黑麦草比施用相应水平的羊粪和3%麦秸的原土复合度为高;但其原土复合量有高有低。与腐殖酸铵相比较,施用黑麦草有利于提高原土复合量,但对原土复合度的影响不大。