天然水资源价值评估的能值方法及应用

本文从水资源的自然属性出发，提出了采用能值(Emergy)理论与方法研究天然水资源价值的新思路。论述了环境与自然资源定价的能值价值理论；根据水文循环与天然水资源基本特性，给出了水资源生成与能量转换的概念模型；从水的化学能角度提出了天然水资源价值的能值评估方法，包括理论方法与简化方法；并以我国南方某沿海县域为例进行了实际应用。实例表明，基于能值价值理论的天然水资源价值定量评估方法具有可行性。     

基于能值分析的水利工程环境影响经济评价

文中首先介绍了目前水利工程经济评价和环境影响评价的不足,然后建立了适用于水利工程经济与环境影响分析的能值效益费用的计算模型,接着对江西省廖坊水利工程的主要环境影响进行了分析,并对工程淹没和施工对环境的影响进行了能值分析.研究结果表明,从能值研究的角度看,廖坊水利.工程建成后,工程的社会经济效益巨大.     

循环流化床锅炉流体动力学研究

在循环流化床锅炉炉膛内，分为湍流床和快床两个区域。本文论述了由鼓泡流化床与从气力输送状态向循环流化床转化过程中的流体动力学现象。研究了湍流床开始出现到完全转化为湍流床及快床时，炉内气体速度变化的规律和相应的计算公式。对转化过程中的主要影响因素，如床的当量直径，床温及固体颗粒供给速度等进行了深入试验研究，对循环流休床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

Assessing the sustainable abilities of a pilot hybrid solar-pyrolysis energy system using emergy synthesis

With the increasingly serious global climate and energy problems, hybrid renewable energy systems have been widely developed. Sustainability of a pilot hybrid solar-pyrolysis energy system (HSPES) was evaluated using emergy analysis. The total emergy input of the system was 6.90E+15 sej/yr, and it was greatly dependent on the renewable resources from external environment. Suitable emergy indices such as unit emergy value, renewability, emergy yield ratio, environmental load rate, and emergy sustainability index, were introduced and analyzed in detail, with values of 7.45E+04 sej/J, 63.51%, 1.00, 0.57, and 1.74, respectively. The results showed that the system was more dependent on renewable resources, had less impact on the environment, and had relatively good sustainability, but the utilization of local resources was quite low. However, this system was relatively weak in the exploitation and utilization of local resources. On the basis of life cycle assessment and emergy analysis, the Pollutant Degradation Emergy (PDE) result of the system was 2.77E+14 sej/yr. There was no significant difference between the emergy indices results based on PDE and its original value, the pollutants emissions of the system did not show a significant impact on the results of selected emergy indices, and the impact of system pollutants on the environment was relatively weak.     

Sustainability accounting for the construction and operation of a plant‐scale solar‐biogas heating system based on emergy analysis

Domestic heating systems have long been playing a significant role in China's energy structure. The sustainability of a hybrid solar‐biogas heating system (SBHS) under various feedstock fermentation scenarios was evaluated using emergy analysis. Representative emergy indices such as transformities, emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), ratio of waste treatment (%W), feedback yield ratio (FYR), and emission mitigation intensity (EMI; g/10¹⁰ sej) were selected to evaluate the sustainability performance of different feedstock scenarios including cow dung (CD), swine manure (SM), and poultry manure (PM). The results showed that PM fermentation scenario had greater market competitiveness, lower environmental pressure, better sustainability, and self‐organizing ability than the other two options. However, both the emergy efficiency and the CO₂ emissions mitigation intensity of PM scenario were worse than that of the SM and CD. Moreover, compared with other biogas systems and traditional agricultural systems, the hybrid SBHS was proved to be a promising mode for the treatment of rural manure waste with favorable economic benefits and environmental sustainability.     

基于物质循环的河道内生态用水价值及其能值评估

水生生态系统的生态服务价值主要是伴随着水循环、碳循环、氮循环的过程而实现的。水循环伴随的生态服务价值包括调节气候价值、输送价值、水体自净价值;碳循环伴随的生态服务价值包括净初级生产力、生物量;氮循环伴随的生态服务价值包括生物多样性保护价值、水污染损失。针对河道内生态用水不同组分量纲不同,采用能值统一度量水生生态系统生态服务价值,以郑州市水生生态系统为研究对象,计算其2011年生态服务价值为3.16×1020sej,各项服务价值从大到小顺序依次为:输送价值调节气候净初级生产力生物多样性保护生物量水体自净水污染损失,分析其优势和薄弱环节。研究成果可为水生态修复提供决策依据。     

油页岩综合利用系统的能值分析

为了综合评价油页岩综合利用系统的环境可持续性,以吉林桦甸处理量为300×10⁴t/a油页岩综合利用项目为例,应用能值分析理论,构建该系统的能值评价指标体系。研究结果表明:虽然页岩油的能值转化率(Tr)要高于传统原油,但油页岩综合利用系统环境负载率(ELR)低,对环境影响小,系统可持续发展指数(ESI)较高,系统富有活力和发展潜力;与桦甸式干馏工艺相比,将锅炉灰渣用于建材,不仅能增加系统副产物,提高能值产率(EYR),还能有效地改善其他各项能值指标。     

太湖流域水资源能值转换率计算与研究

从水资源复合系统的角度出发,对复合系统进行能量分析,提出运用能值理论与方法对流域水资源定量分析的思路。论述了能值的基本理论与方法,以太湖流域水系为研究对象,绘制了流域水资源能值系统图,并编制能值分析表,对流域2007—2011年供水水资源的能值转换率进行计算。研究表明:流域水资源能值转换率呈逐年增大趋势,与流域近年为改善流域水环境,加大水环境综合整治及系列工程项目的情况吻合;另外,人工干扰下水资源的能值转换率较天然水资源平均增长24.3%,而且这种增长也呈逐年上升趋势,从2007年的4.31%到2011年的36.4%,说明流域水资源量虽丰富,但安全供水的代价却越来越大。水质型缺水将是20世纪面临的新挑战。     

复杂化工过程系统的能值计算方法

针对复杂过程系统的生态化设计,研究系统内部及输出流股能值的计算策略和方法。基于系统能量或质量流程图,确定系统内外的能流、物流的分布和能量分配系数,通过建立复杂系统能值计算的循迹法,确定系统各种输入能值在系统内的分配,解决复杂系统内部联结各单元的流股能值准确计算问题。基于该方法,对玉米燃料乙醇生产过程系统进行了能值分析和评价。     

一起单相电能表故障的实验分析

针对一起单相智能电能表存在空走反向功率的故障,实验分析指出电流采样回路中电阻阻值变化是引起故障的原因,从电流采样回路焊接质量、工艺与装配质量等方面分别分析造成阻值变化的原因,提出电能表质量监督与管控的要点。