Photovoltaic-integrated building facades

Photovoltaic (PV) cells, when integrated within a building facade, offer the possibility of generating electric power and heat for local use or export. This paper reports on a project to investigate the practical operational efficiencies that might be delivered from such facades. The results from laboratory experiments and computer simulations are presented: the former were used to develop an empirical relationship between cell temperature and power output; the latter were undertaken to assess operational efficiencies under a range of climate conditions representative of the UK.     

圆柱形建筑双幕墙结构的内部风效应

对圆柱形建筑双幕墙进行了多参数对比风洞试验,研究了圆弧双幕墙结构风致平均内压的空间分布特性,阐述了廊道内平均风压的分布机理,给出了风致平均内压的理论估算方法,并与试验结果进行对比,吻合较好.研究表明:圆弧型双幕墙在背风向时,廊道内的平均风压非常均匀,其风致平均内压的分布受外幕墙开孔率、廊道间距和来流风速的影响很小;而在迎风向和侧风向时,廊道内的平均风压分布不均匀,其风致平均内压的分布随开孔率和来流风速的增大、廊道间距的减小变得越来越不均匀.     

含窗外墙隔声性能评价及估算

交通噪声已经成为影响居住品质的重要因素之一。虽然现行法规规定了住宅的室外、室内允许噪声值,但对于影响室内噪声的各建筑构件(如外墙)来说,由于缺少具体的量化方法,因此仍然难以准确判断出其在整个建筑隔声中所起的作用。文中针对这些现实问题,利用噪声地图工具,提出了结合室外噪声值的含窗外墙隔声量指标要求以及初步的估算方法,并在实践中进行了应用。     

Probabilistic transition of condition: render facades

The service life of cement-rendered facades is closely related to the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. The probability distribution is determined for the degradation condition of render facades considering different environmental exposures. A sample of 100 render facades was subjected to meticulous fieldwork to determine their condition. The analysis focuses on the environmental factors that most influence the overall degradation of the facades, evaluated through the condition level. Probabilistic models based on Markov chains are developed to predict the evolution of facade deterioration according to exposure to outdoor environmental conditions. The proposed model provides data on the synergy between the degradation agents and the degradation condition of render facades, the average time of permanence in each degradation level, and indications of the effect of degradation on the durability of render that may be applied in the implementation and fine-tuning of maintenance procedures. A better understanding of the durability of render facades allows a more rational management of their maintenance, contributing to a reduction of their life cycle costs. The proposed stochastic model provides information that can be applied in the context of insurance policies, allowing an evaluation of the risk of failure of coatings.     

双幕墙建筑通风性能的数值模拟研究

为研究廊道式和箱体式两种双幕墙体系的通风性能,以及外层幕墙通风百叶倾角对通风效果的影响,利用计算流体力学中的数值风洞模拟双幕墙建筑的通风状况,并与风洞试验结果相比较;采用多种倾角工况和不同来流风向对通风口百叶进行建模计算.分析结果表明,采用大涡湍流模型中的动力亚格子尺度(SGS)模型能很好地模拟双幕墙体系的实际风场;在满足建筑通风要求的前提下使用箱体式来代替廊道式幕墙能获得更加良好的居住环境;通风百叶在一定程度上起到导风板的作用,在45°倾角附近具有最佳的通风效果.     

Session C: Motor Blends and Motor Trials Aspects Techniques de I'Utilisation de I'Ethanol dans les Carburants Automobiles

Many aspects of Fresnel lenses are probably well known, but in recent years the uses of Fresnel lenses have been widening, and we wish to discuss these widening uses from the production point of view.

Many people think of loupes when Fresnel lenses are mentiond.

The first commercial products using Fresnel lenses which we were able to lay our hands on, were the field of vision lenses of twin lens reflex cameras. The use of Fresnel lenses was an epoch making technical innovation, by which every corner of the focal screen became clear. At the same time businesses opened which offered to fit Fresnel lenses as an option in twin lens reflex cameras without Fresnel lenses.

Now they have become indispensable as focus plates for single lens reflex cameras and 4 × 5 inch large cameras.     

基于计算机视觉的建筑外墙剥落和裂缝两阶段检测方法

地震灾害中,对建筑物外墙立面损伤状况进行快速检测有利于灾情评估与灾后重建。为实现建筑外墙立面剥落和裂缝的自动化非接触式检测,提出了一种结合深度学习与图像处理的外墙损伤定位与量化评估的两阶段检测方法。通过建立并标定北川老县城地震破坏房屋数据集,采用基于损失函数模型Focal Loss的目标检测网络定位破损区域目标框,并克服小尺度区域的正负样本不均衡问题。根据提取的目标破损区域单幅图像,提出图像滤波、阈值分割和形态学操作的组合处理流程,进行贴面砖墙面下剥落和裂缝的像素级别分割与提取。进一步结合像素尺度与物理尺度的映射关系,完成剥落面积、裂缝宽度等关键破损信息的计算与识别。结果表明,该方法可较好地对震后建筑物外墙立面的墙面剥落和裂缝进行定位和提取,对墙面损伤可实现像素级分割并准确地识别损伤关键物理参数,能实现对建筑物震后损伤的准确和快速检测。     

窗户在建筑立面中的运用

窗是表达建筑立面效果的重要部件,可以说窗是建筑的"眼睛",是极富灵性的一个组成部分。从窗的演变过程,更可以看出窗在增强立面效果,满足居民生活习惯要求,提高人们的生活素质方面发挥的重要作用。     

玻璃幕墙建筑的节能研究

基于玻璃幕墙建筑的现状,研究了玻璃幕墙节能材料的选用和双层玻璃幕墙节能技术,总结了双层玻璃幕墙在实际应用中需注意的问题及其适用范围与局限性,并探讨了太阳光变向照明技术、太阳能光电幕墙和玻璃幕墙的绿化技术等玻璃幕墙的节能新技术。