Comparison of two Analytical Methods (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn and Aflatoxin M1 in Milk

The aim of this paper is to assess the closeness of agreement between results of ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin B₁ in corn and aflatoxin M₁ in milk. Samples of corn (n=100) and milk (n=250) were simultaneously analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods, after the severe drought that affected Serbia in summer 2012 resulting in occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M₁ in milk. Regression analysis showed higher level of agreement between aflatoxin B₁ samples (R²=0.994), compared to aflatoxin M₁ samples (R²=0.920). However, both techniques were satisfactory in meeting the requirements for official control purposes.     

Aflatoxin B1 contamination of shrimp feeds and its effect on growth and hepatopancreas of pre-adult Penaeus monodon

A survey of aflatoxin B₁ (AFLB₁) levels in commonly used commercial shrimp finisher feeds in the Philippines showed a various range of values from not detected to 120 μg kg^?1 using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Six experimental diets were prepared to contain various levels of AFLB₁ based on survey results to determine the effects of such contamination in pre-adult shrimp Penaeus monodon (17.5 ± 0.6 g). Results showed that shrimps fed diets containing AFLB₁ greater than or equal to 73.8 μg kg^?1 gave comparatively poor growth rate and higher susceptibility to shell diseases. No AFLB₁ residues were detected in sampled whole shrimp tissues after 62 days of exposure to AFLB₁ containing diets indicating a low potential for transmission of the toxin from edible shrimp tissues to consumers. Histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas of shrimp chronically exposed to AFLB, were observed in all samples. The degree of alterations correlated with the level of AFLB₁. Based on growth performance, pre-adult shrimps can tolerate AFLB₁ levels of up to 52.3 μg kg^?1 in the feeds although histopathological changes were already evident in the tissues of shrimps given diets with 26.5 μg kg^?1 AFLB₁.     

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Ozonation to Degrade Aflatoxin in Corn

ABSTRACT: This study determined the efficacy and safety of ozonation in degrading aflatoxin in corn. Ozonation (10 to 12 wt%) reduced aflatoxin levels by 92% and no reversion to the parent compound was observed. Ozonation had minimal effect on fatty acids of uncontaminated corn, but had significant effect on fatty acids of contaminated corn. Crude extracts showed no mutagenic potential in the Ames assay using TA98 and TA100. Clean-up using hexane increased their mutagenic potentials. Clean-up using Mycosep columns increased the mutagenic potentials 18 to 617%. Hexane extracts from ozone-treated contaminated corn had lower inhibitory effect. This suggested that a fat-soluble mutagen is being formed or natural inhibitors of mutagenicity are being destroyed.     

Ethanol extraction of oil,gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed

Commercial processing of cottonseed requires hexane to extract and recover edible oil. Gossypol and aflatoxin are not removed from extracted meals. A bench-top extraction process with 95% (vol/vol) aqueous ethanol (EtOH) solvent has been developed that extracts all three of the above materials with a much less volatile solvent. In this process, cottonseed is pretreated and extracted with ambient 95% EtOH to remove gossypol and then extracted with hot 95% EtOH to extract oil and aflatoxin. Membranes and adsorption columns are used to purify the various extract streams, so that they can be recycled directly. A representative extracted meal contained a total gossypol content of 0.47% (a 70% reduction) and 3 ppb aflatoxin (a 95% reduction). Residual oil content was approximately 2%. Although the process is technically feasible, it is presently not economical unless a mill has a continual, serious aflatoxin contamination problem. However, if a plant cannot meet the hexane emission standards under the Clean Air Act of 1990, this process could provide a safer solvent that may expand the use and increase the value of cottonseed meal as a feed for nonruminants. Presented in part at the AOCS annual meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 1992.     

Effect of Cultural Conditions on Chitinase Production from Biocontrol Bacterium Against Aflatoxin

Chitinase is one of the most important mycolytic enzymes with industrial significance. Statistical methods are employed to optimize cultural conditions with the increased production of chitinase for th...     

黄曲霉毒素速测仪的模块化设计方法

为了快速准确地测定粮食和饲料中黄曲霉毒素的含量,设计了基于C8051F020单片机的黄曲霉毒素速测仪.速测仪采用免疫亲和柱-荧光分光光度法进行检测,克服了传统分析方法在标定标准物和样品预处理过程中的不足,显著降低了对操作人员的毒害和环境的二次污染,提高了分析速度.速测仪硬件电路使用模块化设计方法,以提高仪器运行的稳定性.光电转换元件使用具有极高灵敏度和超快时间响应的端窗式光电倍增管,测量线路使用高精度、低漂移集成电路,保证了仪器的灵敏度和测量精度.速测仪结构紧凑,仪器成本低,重复性好,适合现场速测和普及使用,实际应用效果良好.     

Influences of pretreatment and drying methods on composition,micro/molecular structures and some health‐related functional characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues

Influences of pretreatment methods (washing, blanching, soaking in ethanol), drying methods (hot air‐drying, infrared‐drying, microwave‐drying) and drying temperature on selected characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues were investigated. Pretreatments improved the hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose dialysis retardation index, but led to losses of fibres, decreased α‐amylase inhibitory activity and aflatoxin B₁ adsorption capacity. Hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose uptake depended on the structure and porosity of the fibre, while the ability to inhibit α‐amylase and AFB₁ adsorption depended more on the content and molecular fingerprinting of the fibre. Drying condition did not significantly affect functional properties of the fibre, except for the ability to uptake glucose, inhibit α‐amylase and adsorb AFB₁ (P ≤ 0.05). Hot air‐drying at 60 °C resulted in fibre with the highest ability to decrease the rate of glucose and AFB₁ adsorption.     

Stabilization of the Single-Chain Fragment Variable by an Interdomain Disulfide Bond and Its Effect on Antibody Affinity

The interdomain instability of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) might result in intermolecular aggregation and loss of function. In the present study, we stabilized H4—an anti-aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) scFv—with an interdomain disulfide bond and studied the effect of the disulfide bond on antibody affinity. With homology modeling and molecular docking, we designed a scFv containing an interdomain disulfide bond between the residues H44 and L100. The stability of scFv (H4) increased from a GdnHCl₅₀ of 2.4 M to 4.2 M after addition of the H44-L100 disulfide bond. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the scFv (H44-L100) mutant existed primarily as a monomer, and no aggregates were detected. An affinity assay indicated that scFv (H4) and the scFv (H44-L100) mutant had similar IC₅₀ values and affinity to AFB₁. Our results indicate that interdomain disulfide bonds could stabilize scFv without affecting affinity.     

PdAu纳米颗粒非标记免疫传感器测定牛奶中的黄曲霉素B_1

用溶剂热法合成Pd Au纳米颗粒,将其修饰在玻碳电极表面,然后根据抗体的自组装作用将黄曲霉素B1的抗体固定在Pd Au/GCE表面,制得免疫传感器。以[Fe(CN)6]3-作为探针对黄曲霉素B1实现灵敏的间接检测。优化了实验条件对传感器性能的影响。结果表明,在电位为0.2V条件下,该传感器检测黄曲霉素B1的线性范围为0.1~12μg/L;其检测限为0.033μg/L。该传感器选择性好、灵敏度高、具有良好的重现性。     

免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法测定澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B_1

建立了一种测定澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1的免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法。采用甲醇-水提取,提取液经过滤、水稀释、净化,甲醇洗脱溶解,柱后衍生液相色谱仪荧光检测器测定。实验结果表明,澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1的检出限为0.2μg/kg,在添加水平为5、10、20μg/kg的回收率实验中,平均回收率为81%~96%,相对标准偏差为0.8%~3.7%。