地震触发崩塌滑坡自组织临界性研究

汶川地震触发了大量崩塌滑坡灾害.这些规模差异巨大的现象之间,能量及空间是否存在着确定的分布规律?巨型崩滑和小规模坍塌是否遵从不同的形成机理?这些都是亟待解决的基本科学问题.作者在自组织临界状态(SOC)的概念框架下,通过震区典型路段考察,发现位于地震Ⅸ度区的崩滑工点,崩滑方量及崩滑体深度,与崩滑工点数目之间存在着良好的负幂律关系,地震Ⅹ度区也体现出有类似特征;拟静力模拟地震的沙堆离心模型实验表明,模型底板倾斜1.5°时,崩塌的动力学特性可以用幂律描述,底板倾斜达到3°时服从正态分布;元胞自动机模型数值模拟表明,随扰动强度增加沙堆模型动力学特性的演变是渐进的.从而从整体理论上对上述问题提出新的解释:处于青壮年期的山地斜坡系统具有SOC的内禀基本属性;存在一个地震强度阈值,在此之下地震触发的崩滑规模与出现频率之间的分布规律可用幂律描述,巨型崩滑灾害和小规模坍塌现象遵从同一形成机理.全新的认识可望为地震触发崩塌滑坡灾势评估提供普适性的概型并建立应用框架.     

纤维素燃料乙醇废水水质分析及预处理技术

对中粮集团(COFCO)纤维素乙醇厂醪液废水进行了水质分析,废水中悬浮物含量达123868mg/L、CODCr为127667mg/L.利用GC-MS技术对废水中有机物成分进行了定性分析,检测出该废水中可定性的有机物52种,挥发酸中乙酸含量达29188mg/L.以固液分离的液体得率、CODCr去除率、处理速率、能耗等为指标,比较了自然沉降、离心分离、板框压滤3种物理预处理方法对该废水的处理效果.研究表明:板框压滤是一种较好醪液预处理方法,在0.6h/L的处理速率下,液体得率为66.44%、CODCr去除率为64.75%,耗能为0.22(kW·h)/L,大部分常规水质指标和离子浓度随着固液分离的进行均明显降低.     

单分散单壁碳纳米管的制备

对电弧放电法合成的单壁碳纳米管样品进行硝酸氧化处理,经过离心分离后得到纯化的单壁碳纳米管。在超声波的作用下,向提纯后的样品中加入表面活性剂,制得单壁碳纳米管的分散体系。通过再一次的高速离心,将单壁碳纳米管管束和少量的石墨纳米粒子等杂质除去。UV-vis-NIR吸收光谱的研究表明,我们成功地制备了在水中分散的碳纳米管。     

菠菜叶片线粒体DNA的提取及RAPD分析

以菠菜叶片为实验材料,采用差速离心法、DNaseI处理得到无核污染的线粒体、以SDS法去除蛋白,消化RNA得到单纯的菠菜叶片mtDNA,通过对mtDNA纯度的测定,从而建立了菠菜叶mtDNA快速、高效的提取技术体系;同时选取30个引物对三种菠菜mtDNA进行RAPD扩增,对提取的mtDNA体系进行了RAPD分析,结果表明,由引物S7、S16、S21、S24扩增出的条带清晰、多态性较好,片段大小在200~2000 bp之间,表明菠菜各品种的mtDNA各碱基序列上的多态性,是各品种之间进化凸现的原因之一。本研究建立的试验方法耗时短、对离心机的要求不高,并且提取的mtDNA产率高、结构也比较完整。     

离心法制备氧化铝-氧化锆泡沫陶瓷过滤器

通过在发泡聚苯乙烯模板内的离心成型方法来制备Al2O3-ZrO2泡沫陶瓷过滤器,测量了浆料在不同pH值下的Zeta电位,分析了浆料的固相含量对离心时间的影响。观察了不同离心加速度和浆料固相含量下产物生坯密度的变化,测量了最终产物的烧结密度、收缩率、孔隙率和压缩强度,并通过扫描电镜观察了烧结试样的显微结构。试验结果表明,在pH=10时,浆料具有较好的分散性。在较低的固相含量和较高的离心加速度下,浆料的分离现象明显,生坯中出现密度梯度。但在高的固相含量(50%,体积分数)下,分离现象被抑制,孔筋具有较高的生坯密度(61.5%)和烧结密度(91.1%),最终产物的孔隙率在75.3%～83.1%,压缩强度为2.07～3.82 MPa。     

Influence of Coagulant Salt Addition on the Treatment of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions by Centrifugation,Ultrafiltration, and Vacuum Evaporation

Abstract

Droplet size is a key factor in the treatment of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, because of its influence on emulsion properties. The addition of a coagulant salt generally causes emulsion destabilization, increasing the droplet size, and enhancing coalescence between oil droplets, which helps its further treatment. The influence of CaCl₂ addition on droplet size distribution of a commercial O/W emulsion used in machining processes was studied in order to facilitate oil removal and to improve its further treatment by centrifugation, ultrafiltration (UF) and vacuum evaporation. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was observed at a CaCl₂ concentration of 0.05 M. The quality of the final aqueous effluent, expressed as its chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, was compared for all treatments. The highest COD values were obtained for centrifugation, while the COD of the UF permeate was approximately constant for all UF trials. The best effluent quality was obtained by vacuum evaporation. A combination of these techniques should be appropriate for most industrial treatments of O/W emulsions, depending on the subsequent use of the resulting aqueous effluent.     

On the state and stability of fuel cell catalyst inks

Catalyst layers (CL), as an active component of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM), form the heart of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). For optimum performance of the fuel cell, obtaining suitable structural and functional characteristics for the CL is crucial. Direct tuning of the microstructure and morphology of the CL is non-trivial; hence catalyst inks as CL precursors need to be modulated, which are then applied onto a membrane to form the CCM. Obtaining favorable dispersion characteristics forms an important prerequisite in engineering catalyst inks for large scale manufacturing. In order to facilitate a knowledge-based approach for developing fuel cell inks, this work introduces new tools and methods to study both the dispersion state and stability characteristics, simultaneously. Catalyst inks were prepared using different processing methods, which include stirring and ultrasonication. The proposed tools are used to characterize and elucidate the effects of the processing method. Structural characterization of the dispersed particles and their assemblages was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy. Analytical centrifugation (AC) was used to study the state and stability of the inks. Herein, we introduce new concepts, S score, and stability trajectory, for a time-resolved assessment of inks in their native state using AC. The findings were validated and rationalized using transmittograms as a direct visualization technique. The flowability of inks was investigated by rheological measurements. It was found that probe sonication only up to an optimum amplitude leads to a highly stable colloidal ink.     

离子型磁性液体稳定性的提高及体积分数测定

研究了离子型磁性液体的制备过程,通过重力沉降和离心处理来提高磁性液体的稳定性.样品处理前后的TEM图像和粒径分析表明,离心处理可以有效去除离子型磁性液体中大微粒和团聚体,改善粒径分布的多分散性,使其长期稳定存在.通过密度的测量分析表明,Fe（NO3）3处理后的CoFe2O4纳米微粒表面包裹有极薄的抗酸蚀层,微粒的形貌、粒径无明显变化,利用蒸干法可以准确确定水基离子型磁性液体的体积分数.     

提高原油含水检测准确率方法的探讨

针对影响原油含水化验的各关键节点进行了详细的分析，并做了大量的现场试验，找出了影响原油含水检测值准确率的相应临界指标，并提出了相应的个性化解决方案。