Current methods for mycotoxins analysis and innovative strategies for their reduction in cereals: an overview

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds in food that are considered a substantial issue in the context of food safety, due to their acute and chronic toxic effects on animals and humans. Therefore, new accurate methods for their identification and quantification are constantly developed in order to increase the performance of extraction, improve the accuracy of identification and reduce the limit of detection. At the same time, several industrial practices have shown the ability to reduce the level of mycotoxin contamination in food. In particular, a decrease in the amount of mycotoxins could result from standard processes naturally used for food processing or by procedures strategically introduced during processing, with the specific aim of reducing the amount of mycotoxins. In this review, the current methods adopted for accurate analyses of mycotoxins in cereals (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins) are discussed. In addition, both conventional and innovative strategies adopted to obtain safer finished products from common cereals intended for human consumption will be explored and analysed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

免疫亲和层析净化-高效液相色谱法同时检测几种食品中黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A

建立一种花生食品的前处理方法,通过高效液相色谱法检测黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2和赭曲霉毒素A。样品经过甲醇-水提取,提取液经过滤、稀释后,滤液经过含有黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素特异抗体的免疫亲和层析净化,此抗体对黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、赭曲霉毒素A具有专一性,黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素交联在层析介质中的抗体上。用水将免疫亲和柱上杂质除去,用甲醇通过免疫亲和层析柱洗脱,洗脱液通过带荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪,柱后碘溶液衍生测定黄曲霉毒素的含量;洗脱液通过带DAD检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定赭曲霉毒素的含量。本方法检出花生中黄曲霉毒素G1、B1和赭曲霉毒素A的检出限均为0.5μg/kg。,黄曲霉毒素B2、G2的检出限均为0.175μg/kg。结果表明利用免疫亲和层析净化-高效液相色谱法检测花生中的黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2和赭曲霉毒素A,方法准确、可靠。     

国际香辛料真菌毒素限量标准研究现状

香辛料是一种很容易受到霉菌及其产生的真菌毒素污染的植物性农产品。这些真菌毒素的存在对消费者产生了潜在的健康危害。从香辛料真菌毒素污染情况着手，讨论了在我国建立香辛料真菌毒素限量标准的必要性。     

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti‐Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Fungal contamination of food and animal feed, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, is not only a global food quality concern for food manufacturers, but it also poses serious health concerns because of the production of a variety of mycotoxins, some of which present considerable food safety challenges. In today's mega‐scale food and feed productions, which involve a number of processing steps and the use of a variety of ingredients, fungal contamination is regarded as unavoidable, even good manufacturing practices are followed. Chemical preservatives, to some extent, are successful in retarding microbial growth and achieving considerably longer shelf‐life. However, the increasing demand for clean label products requires manufacturers to find natural alternatives to replace chemically derived ingredients to guarantee the clean label. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the status generally recognized as safe (GRAS), are apprehended as an apt choice to be used as natural preservatives in food and animal feed to control fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. LAB species produce a vast spectrum of antifungal metabolites to inhibit fungal growth; and also have the capacity to adsorb, degrade, or detoxify fungal mycotoxins including ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and Fusarium toxins. The potential of many LAB species to circumvent spoilage associated with fungi has been exploited in a variety of human food and animal feed stuff. This review provides the most recent updates on the ability of LAB to serve as antifungal and anti‐mycotoxigenic agents. In addition, some recent trends of the use of LAB as biopreservative agents against fungal growth and mycotoxin production are highlighted.     

Aflatoxins,ochratoxins and zearalenone in sorghum and sorghum products in Sudan

This survey examined 60 samples of sorghum and 30 samples of sorghum products from three states (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A and B (OTA, OTB) and zearalenone (ZEN), using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range 0.01–0.6 µg kg^–1 and 0.03–2.0 µg kg^?1, respectively. The frequency of contaminated samples with AFB1 from Khartoum, Gadarif and Kordofan state was 38.1%, 22.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Only two samples of sorghum from Khartoum state were contaminated with OTA (3.3%). Concentrations of OTA and OTB were low and may not cause problems. No sample of sorghum or sorghum products was contaminated with ZEN. Some sorghum samples contained AFB1 concentrations above the European Union regulatory limits. The highest contaminated samples were found in Khartoum state.     

咖啡中3种赭曲霉毒素QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS检测方法

目的:建立同时测定咖啡中3种赭曲霉毒素的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱—串联质谱检测方法。方法:样品经乙腈—水—甲酸(V_乙腈∶V_水∶V_甲酸为55∶40∶5)超声提取，利用QuEChERS盐包进行脱水盐析，过ZanChERS-Myco17净化小柱净化。样品采用0.2%甲酸水—乙腈作为流动相经Waters BEH C₁₈(1.7μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱梯度洗脱分离。电喷雾正离子模式，多反应监测扫描，内标法定量。结果:3种目标物在0.1～20.0 ng/mL的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好，相关系数≥0.999 46,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.1～0.2,0.2～0.7μg/kg。咖啡基质中3个添加水平目标物平均回收率为79.0%～103.3%,相对标准偏差为1.5%～7.6%。结论:该方法前处理简单，重现性好，分析时间短，能够适用于不同咖啡基质样品中3种赭曲霉毒素残留的高通量检测。