Enzymic browning of sulphocatechol

When sulphur dioxide inhibits the enzymic browning of catechol catalysed by mushroom tyrosinase, the main reaction product is 4-sulphocatechol. When assessed for its browning potential, this product appears to be unreactive and does not inhibit the enzyme.     

Enzymatic Browning in Apple Pulps

Enzymatic browning in Golden Delicious apple pulp was studied as related to degree of ripeness and temperature (3.5–31°C). Green apple pulp showed the highest rate of browning. This was attributable to differences in ascorbic acid (AA) content and polyphenoloxidase activity in young fruits. The rate of browning determined by CIE L* measurements followed complex temperature dependent kinetics, represented by a multiple linear effects with log time. Equal changes in L* parameter yielded straight lines in a log temperature vs log time plot. Inhibition with AA caused an initial slow rate of browning and a well defined break point associated with exhaustion of antioxidant properties of the AA. The greater the AA concentration the longer the initial period.     

混浊梨汁加工中PPO热失活条件的研究

研究了热处理梨汁（加或不加防褐变剂）,梨浆使其中的PPO完全及部分失活所需要的温度和时间结果为：在90℃处理果汁10s可使其中的PPO完全失活,而对于果浆则需要90℃处理15s以上.加了防褐变剂的果汁经90℃处理10s可使其中的PPO完全失活.此外,经80℃处理30s以上虽不能使其中的PPO完全失活,但添加的防褐变剂及果汁自身的pH可抑制残余的PPO,从而防止酶促褐变的发生.70℃处理梨汁40s不能防止其中的酶促褐变.     

脱水黄花菜加工过程中的预处理工艺研究

以黄花菜的主栽品种鲜猛子花为材料,在测定过氧化物 酶及多酚氧化酶活力的基础上,通过对热水、蒸汽及微波 灭酶等灭酶方法的研究,确定了蒸汽漂烫70～80s的最佳 灭酶工艺条件;同时,以护色剂种类、护色剂浓度、浸泡时 间为影响因素,进行了三因素三水平试验,得到了将原料 浸泡在0.5％的柠檬酸溶液中45min的最佳护色工艺。     

金帅苹果多酚氧化酶提取及部分酶学特性研究

实验确定了从金帅苹果中提取多酚氧化酶(PPO)的最佳条件,研究了该酶的某些特性。确定pH7.4磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液(含2%的PVPP和0.25%TritonX100)、料液比1.6mL/g为最优提取参数。金帅苹果PPO酶促反应产物在412nm下有最大吸收峰;以邻苯二酚为底物的酶促反应的米氏常数为Km=2.6667×10-2mol/L,PPO动力学方程为:V=3333.33犤S犦0.027 犤S犦;该PPO的最适pH为5.0,在pH5.0～6.8范围内有较高的稳定性;最适温度为40℃。     

Kinetic Study of Antibrowning Agents and Pressure Inactivation of Avocado Polyphenoloxidase

Pressure inactivation at room temperature (25 °C) of avocado polyphenoloxidase (pH 5.0) in absence or presence of 10 mM ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), NaCl, or benzoic acid or 0.05 mM 4-hexylresorcinol or glutathione could be described by a fractional conversion model. There appeared to be a resistant enzyme fraction (∼10% to 20%), necessitating about 825 MPa for inactivation in absence of antibrowning agents. EDTA addition resulted in sensitization of the pressure-sensitive enzyme fraction, which was attributed to the acid effect. Benzoic acid or NaCl addition resulted in a marked stabilization, whereas addition of glutathione resulted only in a minor stabilization of the pressure-sensitive enzyme fraction. 4-Hexylresorcinol displayed a sensitizing effect below and a stabilizing effect above 700 MPa. The pressure dependency of the inactivation rate constant was altered (p < 0.05) by addition of 4-hexylresorcinol or benzoic acid.     

Inhibition of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) polyphenoloxidase by a Carica papaya latex preparation

When endive polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was incubated with a crude papaya latex extract, it rapidly lost its activity. Inactivation was ascribed to thermostable nonenzymatic factors of low molecular weight. These factors were partially purified by a two step protocol including gel filtration chromatography on Biogel P2 and ion exchange chromatography using DEAE Sephadex A25. The PPO-inactivation rate was first order, when either inactivating agent or proton concentration was evaluated. Inactivation could be partially reversed by CuSO₄, which suggested that the inactivating factor(s) bound to the copper site of the enzyme. On a more rapid time scale than inactivation, papaya latex extract acted also as a weak noncompetitive PPO inhibitor.     

Effect of some thermal and chemical pretreatments on smoked Oyster mushroom quality

The effect of different thermal and chemical pretreatments on quality and enzyme activities of smoked mushroom was investigated. Mushrooms were blanched (water and steam) and dipped in different concentrations of sulphites (SO₂), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ethylene‐di‐amine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid for 10 min before smoking. Enzyme activities, colour characteristics, microbiological and sensory examinations were carried out every 2 weeks up to 8 weeks of storage in refrigerator at 4 °C. Results could be concluded that smoked mushroom pretreated with SO₂, H₂O₂ and steam blanching had the best colour values, the better score for all sensory characteristics and lower non‐enzymatic browning compared with other pretreatments. The most effective pretreatment against total aerobic bacteria and yeast & moulds were citric acid, EDTA and steam, and then smoking of mushroom can be attributed to the reduction of microbial counts. The most effective pretreatments on quality and safety of smoked mushrooms were H₂O₂ and steam. It can be concluded that thermal and chemical treatments, rather than smoking of mushroom, reduce enzyme activities and are suitable to preserve mushrooms.     

Effect of High Pressure and 4-Hexylresorcinol on Enzymatic Activity and Darkening in Oysters

ABSTRACT: Oysters treated with and without 4-hexylresorcinol were pressurized (400 MPa/7 °C/10 min) and stored chilled for 21 d, either vacuum-packed or packaged aerobically. The results of visual evaluation of darkening and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity levels suggest that during storage, non enzymatic browning occurred 1st, followed by blackening caused by PPO activity. PPO activity did not increase in the vacuum-packed oysters during storage, but pressurization was observed to activate the PPO. Autolytic activity in the oysters increased due to the high-pressure treatment, although higher autolysis levels were recorded in the unpressurized oysters at the end of storage. Inhibition of PPO activity by the 4-hexylresorcinol was observed chiefly in the vacuum-packed batches.