国内从丝状真菌中提取甲壳素／壳聚糖研究状况

作为一种资源丰富、用途广泛的天然高分子化合物－－甲壳素／壳聚糖产品的开发研究引起了越来越多的研究机构的重视，用生物发酵法，以黑曲霉、雅致毛霉、米根霉、蓝色犁头霉等丝状真菌为原料来提取甲壳素／壳聚糖的研究近几年来作为一种新的路线被提出，本文对该领域的研究进行了分析和展望。     

An investigation into the occurrence of sewage fungus in rivers containing papermill effluents—IV. Growth in experimental channels dosed with effluents and pure compounds

Wastewaters from the manufacture of pulp and paper have given rise to problems of excessive microbial growth in rivers over a number of years. This paper is the first in a series of four articles describing research undertaken by PIRA at four U.K. paper/board mills (one integrated with pulp production) over the period 1978–1980. This first paper briefly reviews the published literature on sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill discharges up to 1978, but mainly describes previously unpublished work undertaken by PIRA over the period 1965–1975. This introductory paper thus provides a state-of-the-art review of methods to control sewage fungus growth from pulp and paper mill effluents prior to commencement of the research described in the following three articles.     

Aerobic degradation by white‐rot fungi of trichloroethylene (TCE) and mixtures of TCE and perchloroethylene (PCE)

BACKGROUND: Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) are considered among the most important groundwater pollutants around the world. These compounds are usually found together in polluted environments but little is known about the ability of microorganisms to simultaneously degrade TCE and PCE. RESULTS: Data showed that several species of white‐rot fungi, including Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, and Irpex lacteus, degrade substantial levels of TCE in pure culture. T. versicolor was chosen for further study since it degraded higher levels of TCE than the other organisms. Initial glucose concentration and reoxygenation of samples increased the amount of TCE dechlorination, but no significant difference in percentage TCE degradation was observed. T. versicolor was able to degrade 34.1 and 47.7% of PCE and TCE added as mixtures (containing 5 and 10 mg L⁻¹, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The degradation ability of TCE was extended to other species of white‐rot fungi. Percentage degradation as well as chloride release from mixtures of TCE and PCE showed that T. versicolor degrades mixtures of TCE and PCE almost as well as its ability to degrade individually added TCE or PCE. The results suggest the potential promise of T. versicolor for bioremediation of TCE and PCE in the environment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

白腐菌降解焦化废水的研究

介绍了白腐菌在焦化废水中的驯化生长和产酶条件优化,考察了白腐菌及其酶类对焦化废水的降解能力,结果表明:白腐菌在培养条件下能够产生白腐菌漆酶,是降解焦化废水中的多环芳香化合物的主要活性成分。经过白腐菌和活性污泥混合,得到较好的处理效果:实验时间内COD去除率达到89%,NH3-N达到88%,较单纯活性污泥效率高。     

接种固氮菌对纤维素分解过程的影响

从纤维素分解菌与联合固氮菌的接种配比,研究了混合培养对滤纸分解的影响。试验共设6个处理样,总接种量均为10%(V/V):处理Ⅰ,2%固氮菌+8%纤维素分解菌;处理Ⅱ,4%固氮菌+6%纤维素分解菌;处理Ⅲ,6%固氮菌+4%纤维素分解菌;处理Ⅳ,10%纤维素分解菌;处理Ⅴ,10%固氮菌;CK(空白对照)。结果显示:与处理Ⅳ相比,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的CMC酶活力及处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的滤纸分解率有明显提高。接种固氮菌的各处理样中,培养液中氮素含量与CK相比均有显著提高(P<0.05),且培养过程中pH值比较平稳,而未接种固氮菌处理培养液的氮素则低于CK,pH急剧降低。所有处理样中,接种2%固氮菌效果最佳,培养192h,其CMC酶活力与滤纸分解率比处理Ⅳ分别提高43.4%、240%;与处理Ⅴ相比,固氮菌数有显著增加(P<0.05),培养液中氮含量提高28.0%。     

TNT红水治理研究新动态

综述了国内外治理TNT红水的研究现状及发展趋势,阐明了生化治理TNT红水的难点,给出了采用经红水驯化后的白腐菌生化治理TNT红水的技术措施、脱色方法及分析方法,指出白腐菌与木质素载体能较有效地降解TNT红水,该方法具有广阔的应用前景,同时对白腐菌处理技术的发展和应用提出建议.     

水性涂料漆膜防霉效力测试若干问题的探讨

介绍了防霉剂防霉效力不同的测试方法以及国内外漆膜防霉性能测试的相关标准，提出了水性涂料漆膜防霉效力测试应采用人工环境长霉试验方法，探讨了国内外水性涂料防霉标准及测试方法中有待解决的问题。     

Soy protein combined with copper and boron compounds for providing effective wood preservation

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), an arsenicbased wood preservative, is toxic to human health and the environment. Although CCA is stable in seasoned wood, there are potential dangers during CCA manufacture, lumber treatment, and waste disposal. This research was conducted to study the effectiveness of soy products to replace toxic chromium and arsenic compounds in wood preservative formulations. Three soy product (Arpro 2100, HM 90, and Supro 760) were used as fixative agents in preservative solutions containing anhydrous CuSO₄ and Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O. The decay resistance of treated wood blocks was measured by a soil-block culture method. Despite the large molecular sizes of copper-protein and copper-boron-protein complexes, southern pine sapwood was treatable with these preservative formulations. Wood samples treated with >6 kg°m⁻³ CuSO₄ and 7.5 kg·m⁻³ soy product, and subsequently leached for 3 d and exposed to the decay fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (Fr.) Mur., sustained only 0.5% weight loss over 12 wk. Wood samples needed 40 kg·m⁻³ CuSO₄ and 50 kg·m⁻³ soy protein to resist the copper-tolerant decay fungus Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Lars. & Lomb. These results suggest that soy-based wood preservatives can prevent wood products from fungal attack and can replace CCA.     

新型细胞固定化载体强化白腐菌降解活性染料

为提高白腐真菌的产酶能力和后续对染料的降解效果,采用摇瓶试验研究新型细胞固定化载体——聚氨酯泡沫固定化白腐真菌后的锰过氧化物酶(MnP)产生情况以及后续对活性染料——活性艳红K-2BP的降解效果.结果显示,新型载体固定化培养白腐真菌的5d脱色率为95%,比悬浮培养7d的脱色率高15%.固定化培养产生的MnP酶活为936.61U/L,而悬浮培养的MnP仅为269.52U/L,并且酶活高峰期提前4d.另外,固定化培养体系中碳、氮源的消耗比悬浮培养快很多,而且固定化培养使得白腐真菌具有较高的H2O2产量.因此,新型细胞固定化载体强化白腐真菌降解活性染料的原因应归于这种培养体系碳、氮源的快速消耗而带来的MnP酶活的提高和高H2O2产量.