抚河流域水生态环境恢复措施初探

简述江西省抚河流域的概况、水生态环境的现状及存在的问题.包括淤泥的堆积、水土的流失、水污染、沿岸圩堤的防洪标准普遍偏低等.并对这些问题提出了流域水生态环境恢复的目标,针对抚河流域水生态环境的恢复目标提出了水权分配、水土保持治理、水工程治理、水质治理等方面的一系列初步的措施与建议.     

大通湖区水系连通工程改善水环境的效果评估

大通湖是洞庭湖区的重要组成部分,近年其水质状况呈现恶化态势,正通过实施水系连通工程,以期改善其水环境。基于MIKE21构建大通湖区水系连通工程的二维水动力-水质数学模型,选取总氮和总磷作为水质指标,模拟不同连通调度方案下大通湖的氮磷浓度变化,采用滞水区面积比例、浓度变化指数、换水率和水质浓度改善率,评估6个连通方案下大通湖水环境的改善效果。结果表明:通过实施引水调度方案能够有效改善大通湖水环境,当引水前期流量取30 m~3/s,出口水位控制在25.48 m时和引水后期流量保持为30 m~3/s不变,出口水位调整至25.88 m时,大通湖水环境改善效果最佳。本研究可为实施水系连通工程,改善类似湖泊水环境和提高引水调度效率提供参考。     

大凌河流域典型水生植物微生物群落吸附特征试验分析

本文采用高通测序方法对大凌河流域五刺金鱼藻、格菱、狐尾藻、水蓼及芦苇5种水生植物不同季节的微生物群落进行试验分析,分析表明:藻类密度在沉水植物表层要高于浮叶植物表层,微生物群落在浮叶植物根部的结构与其表面存在明显差异。各水生植物的优势生物群落依次为变形菌、梭菌、柔膜菌、鞭脂杆菌、杆菌、疣微菌门,且各微生物群落在季节丰度上存在明显差异性。由此可见,水环境对生物群落的影响要高于植物类型。研究成果可为大凌河流域生态修复工程提供重要理论依据。     

Consequences of different cutting regimes on regrowth and nutrient stoichiometry of Sparganium erectum L. and Potamogeton natans L.

Aquatic vegetation forms an essential component in freshwater ecosystems but due to changed environmental and anthropogenic conditions often needs management to reduce nuisance for human land‐use. In this paper, the authors looked at the regrowth of two macrophyte species (Potamogeton natans and Sparganium erectum) in two lowland rivers under different cutting treatments. After an initial cross‐sectional transect was manually removed from bank to bank at the beginning of the growth season, a monthly repetitive removal of biomass in plots on that transect was done during the rest of the growth season (testing frequency of mowing). Additional new transects were also cut in subsequent months (testing timing of mowing). Finally, biomass was repetitively removed in plots in those additional transects too (testing frequency of mowing × timing of mowing). The biomass at the end of the growth season was analysed for C, N, P, and Si. It was demonstrated that timing and frequency of vegetation cutting has an important effect on the capacity and rate of species' recovery and therefore on the efficiency of the applied management. Nutrient stoichiometry of the regrown biomass was directly affected by cutting. Caused by differences in the applied timing and frequency of the cutting, C/N and N/P ratios and BSi concentrations were highly variable. Yet, overall, there was a clear tendency towards a higher C/N ratio and BSi concentration and lower N/P ratio in biomass that recovered after cutting. This human impact on the quantity and quality of autochthonous organic matter may have knock‐on effects on the decomposers food web and mineralization process.     

Structures and allelopathic effects ofNuphar alkaloids: Nupharolutine and 6,6′-dihydroxythiobinupharidine

Two of the majorNuphar alkaloids, nupharolutine and 6,6-dihydroxythiobinupharidine, were isolated from the aquatic perennial herbNuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm., yellow water lily. In a lettuce seedling bioassay of the two pure compounds, the former was inactive and the latter was highly inhibitory of radicle elongation at concentrations greater than 2 ppm. Structures and stereochemistry of the two compounds were confirmed by DEPT,¹H-¹H COSY,¹H-¹³C COSY, and¹H-¹H NOESY experiments.     

含水生植物河道曼宁糙率系数的试验研究

水生植物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,但水生植物的存在使得水流阻力增加,河道行洪能力降低,开展含水生植物河道曼宁糙率系数的研究,对河流生态综合治理具有重要意义。本文基于对含淹没柔性水生植物水流的室内水槽系列试验和量纲分析理论,分析了植物挺立度、相对淹没高度及相对密植度对河道曼宁糙率的影响,给出了淹没状态下含柔性水生植物河道的通用等效曼宁糙率系数经验公式。     

基于渔船监测系统的近海捕捞水产品溯源

通过对渔船监测系统的船位、航向、航速等信息挖掘,可以进行水产品溯源,保障海洋水产品的食品安全。基于渔船监测系统数据,结合渔场、沿海区划等信息,构建近海捕捞水产品溯源模型,研究渔船溯源、渔区和渔场溯源、渔获溯源,为水产品安全保障提供参考依据。     

水库生态调度现状与展望

生态调度是在兼顾水库调度的社会、经济效益的基础上重点考虑生态因素的水库调度新模式。简要介绍了生态流量、生态调度等概念,同时对世界各地生态调度实践的过去(2000年以前)和现在(2000～2019年)的研究情况进行了综述,并对未来的研究进行了展望。生态调度研究最早于20世纪40年代从研究河流最小生态流量开始,期间提出水文学方法、水力学方法、生境模拟法等200多种生态流量计算方法。现阶段有关生态调度的探索强调将生态因子纳入传统的水库调度过程,由早期的单目标生态调度发展成多目标生态调度,包括生态水量调度、水质调度、泥沙调度和水生生物资源调度。联合调度、梯级调度、分层取水调度等方式被应用于水库调度实践中并取得了显著的成效。此外,大量研究显示,通过工程措施、生物措施和管理措施可以很好地解决生态调度过程中的一些难题。然而,对生态调度机制的研究仍旧匮乏,大量基于经验统计的生态调度工作难以从本质上解决经济发展与生态效益之间的矛盾。因此,从机理层面构建生态调度模型是目前亟待解决的问题,也将成为生态调度领域的新热点。此外,如何对生态调度的效果特别是其对水生态系统健康的效果进行量化,也是当今亟待解决的现实问题。     

水解酸化+接触氧化处理水产品加工废水

通过工艺对比,采用"水解酸化+接触氧化"工艺处理水产品加工废水,运行结果表明,出水COD为320.3 mg/L,BOD5为155.4 mg/L,去除率分别达到84.1%和84.6%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)三级排放标准及《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》CJ3082-1999标准要求。