USB同步传输方式在多路实时数据采集中的应用

讨论了基于USB（Universal Serial Bus）接口的同步多路数据采集系统的硬件和软件设计。采用单片机控制数据实时采样,在主机WDM（Windows Driver Model）驱动程序设计中利用IRP/URB对保持USB总线驱动程序处理URB（USB RequestBlock）的连续性,改善了主机读数据的完整性,使整个采集系统的实时性能有所提高。     

Beneficial Changes in Rat Vascular Endocannabinoid System in Primary Hypertension and under Treatment with Chronic Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase by URB597

Our study aimed to examine the effects of hypertension and the chronic administration of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 on vascular function and the endocannabinoid system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Functional studies were performed on small mesenteric G3 arteries (sMA) and aortas isolated from SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) treated with URB597 (1 mg/kg; twice daily for 14 days). In the aortas and sMA of SHR, endocannabinoid levels and cannabinoid CB₁ receptor (CB₁R) expression were elevated. The CB₁R antagonist AM251 diminished the methanandamide-evoked relaxation only in the sMA of SHR and enhanced the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine and the thromboxane analog U46619 in sMA in SHR and WKY. In the sMA of SHR, URB597 elevated anandamide levels, improved the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, and in the presence of AM251 reduced the vasoconstriction to phenylephrine and enhanced the vasodilatation to methanandamide, and tended to reduce hypertrophy. In the aortas, URB597 elevated endocannabinoid levels improved the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and decreased CB₁R expression. Our study showed that hypertension and chronic administration of URB597 caused local, resistance artery-specific beneficial alterations in the vascular endocannabinoid system, which may bring further advantages for therapeutic application of pharmacological inhibition of FAAH.     

澳大利亚布里斯班市区重建的规划历程及其启示

布里斯班是澳大利亚第三大城市，20世纪80年代末因内城衰落开始了市区的重建。本文梳理了布里斯班市区重建计划的背景、规划历程、内容和实施效果，并展开评述。通过对市区改造计划经验的总结，认为更新机构的设立、社区参与、社区规划、催化剂项目、社会性住房以及城市特色营造等方面的具体做法对我国城市更新有借鉴意义，并指出借鉴时需要注意的问题。     

用DDK开发win2000/xp下USB设备驱动程序

本文介绍了如何用Microsoft公司提供的驱动程序开发包(DDK)工具开发win2000／xp下的USB设备驱动程序。首先概述了USB驱动程序体系结构Windows驱动程序模型等用于开发USB设备驱动程序背景知识。然后深入的讲述了用DDK编写USB设备驱动程序必须用到的几个关键技术，包括USB设备驱动程序入口与初始化、如何建立并提交USB请求块(URB)给总线驱动程序(USBD)、USB设备如何配置、USB四种通信管道的管理等四个方面。     

Win 2000中USB设备客户驱动程序的开发

介绍了USB(通用串行总线)总线的特点和USB接口的数据采集系统结构组成,分析了USB协议的层次关系、每个层次的功能、协议中使用的数据格式,从W indows操作系统入手分析了WDM驱动程序的结构、W indows系统的两种工作模式(用户模式和内核模式)及其通信,举例说明USB客户驱动程序的工作流程,并介绍了应用程序如何调用驱动程序以及实测的传输速度。     

基于WDM的通用串行总线驱动程序的开发

通用串行总线（USB）因为其使用方便、传输速度快，支持即插即用等优点，获得了越来越广泛的应用，已经发展成为一种很普遍的计算机与外设的接口。USB驱动程序则是硬件设备连接到计算机系统的软件接口，面Windows驱动程序模型（WDM）是Windows平台的新一代设备驱动程序模型。文章首先介绍了USB2.0规范，重点提到USB的传输类型和总线结构，然后分析WDM的工作原理和机制，着重介绍基于WDM的USB驱动程序的设计方法，最后给出了PC机对USB设备的应用程序实现。     

基于USB设备的过滤器驱动程序算法分析

在WDM(Windows Driver Model)体系中,驱动程序是分层实现的.过滤器驱动程序是一种特殊而重要的中级驱动程序,可用来对硬件产品包括一些USB设备实现性能优化.围绕着过滤器驱动程序的实质简要地介绍了WDM过滤器驱动程序的性能和层次模型.通过分析一个用以改进USB键盘功能的过滤器驱动程序的设计实例来深人阐述基于USB设备的过滤器驱动程序之开发原理和设计方法,并且给出了重点部分的源程序和代码注释.操作系统提供的USB功能驱动经文中讨论的过滤器驱动程序过滤之后,可以让USB键盘的作用发生质的改变.     

Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Inhibition Modulates Amyloid-Beta-Induced Microglia Polarization

The ability of endocannabinoid (eCB) to change functional microglial phenotype can be explored as a possible target for therapeutic intervention. Since the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main catabolic enzyme of anandamide (AEA), may provide beneficial effects in mice model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology, we aimed at determining whether the FAAH inhibitor URB597 might target microglia polarization and alter the cytoskeleton reorganization induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The morphological evaluation showed that Aβ treatment increased the surface area of BV-2 cells, which acquired a flat and polygonal morphology. URB597 treatment partially rescued the control phenotype of BV-2 cells when co-incubated with Aβ. Moreover, URB597 reduced both the increase of Rho protein activation in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells and the Aβ-induced migration of BV-2 cells, while an increase of Cdc42 protein activation was observed in all samples. URB597 also increased the number of BV-2 cells involved in phagocytosis. URB597 treatment induced the polarization of microglial cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with the parallel increase of Arg-1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data suggest that FAAH inhibition promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, regulates phagocytosis and cell migration processes, thus driving microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype.     

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of FAAH inhibitors: cyclohexylcarbamic acid biphenyl esters with chemical modulation at the proximal phenyl ring

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a serine hydrolase that catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of fatty acid ethanolamides such as anandamide and oleoylethanolamide. Targeting this enzyme may have important therapeutic potentials owing to the multiple physiological roles of these amides. Cyclohexylcarbamic acid biphenyl-3-yl ester (URB524) was one of the most promising FAAH inhibitors so far described. We report the modulation of the electronic and steric features of the proximal phenyl ring of this compound by introducing a series of substituents at the ortho and para positions. pIC50 values were found to correlate with molecular features thought to be involved in the recognition step such as steric hindrance and hydrogen-bonding ability. Derivatives with small polar groups at the para position of the proximal phenyl ring were slightly better FAAH inhibitors than the parent compound URB524.