Non-contact flood discharge measurements using an X-band pulse radar (I) theory

This article describes a non-contact method for measuring surface velocity and discharge in a natural channel. The X-band pulse (9.36 GHz) radar, developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington, was used to scan instantaneously the lateral distribution of surface velocity across a river section, according to Bragg scattering from short waves produced by turbulent boils on the surface of the river. Based on the assumption that the vertical velocity distribution follows a universal power or logarithmic law, the discharges were estimated.     

水稻,小麦后向散射特性的实验研究

对１９９０和１９９１年用Ｘ波段散射计测量的水稻和小麦后向散射系数在植物生长过程中随地物参数变化的结果进行了分析。结果表明：①Ｕｌａｂｒ对矮杆植被给出的经验模型与实验结果一致。②在水稻对微波的后向散射中，地面散射占主要部分。其后向散射系数可用植被参数Ｈ·Ｗ的线性模型来拟合。③由于麦田土壤含水量低，小麦后向散射系数一般比水稻低６ｄｂ左右。测量结果显示，在１８°入射角附近，小麦后向散射系数对土壤含水量较灵敏。在小麦生长过程中，测量的后向散射系数没有显示出明显的随生长期的规律性变化。     

X波段的圆极化微带共形阵天线的仿真与设计

为了满足X频段机载雷达天线的指标要求,使得矩形平面天线与柱面共形,通过并联侧馈方式进行馈电。在微带共形阵天线的相关理论基础上,阵元采用介电常数2.2,厚度为0.5mm的介质基板。通过HFSS12对微带共形阵天线进行仿真设计并优化。实验结果表明,在X波段内实现了方位面的全向扫描,实测阻抗带宽为9.80-10.20GHz,最大增益可达10dB,全向辐射性能稳定,满足了指标要求。     

利用柔性注意力分割模型的X频段航海雷达图像海面溢油检测

X频段航海雷达图像广泛应用于溢油探测中,但是目前仅用于判断是否有溢油,对油污区域的精确计算较少。针对上述问题,引入了基于柔性注意力机制的图像分割的模型。首先建立以基于特征金字塔的目标检测模型为主干模型的语义分割模型,将多尺度特征进行充分融合,包括高层次的语义信息和低层次的位置信息;然后针对每一个特征层分别引入通道注意力机制,计算特征层中通道之间的权重关系,提高模型对溢油特征提取的表达能力,同时采用像素级别的语义分割打分函数作为评价分割区域质量的指标。对大连区域海面溢油数据集进行检测的实验结果表明,该方法能够提高溢油区域的分割精度,同时与PSPNet、DeepLab V3+和Attention U-net等分割模型相比,基于像素级别的分割准确率提高至85.77%。     

嫦娥二号工程X频段测控通信系统设计与试验

针对月球以远深空探测任务中,远距离、长时延、弱信号的测控通信难点,有效手段之一就是提高射频频率.为此,在嫦娥二号工程中首次开展了X频段测控通信技术试验.本文重点研究了X频段测控通信系统天地一体化的设计与实现,阐述了技术试验系统的组成、关键技术攻关情况、系统试验与测试方法.试验结果表明,与S频段测控通信系统相比,X频段在链路性能、测定轨精度方面有显著提高,将正式作为后续月球及深空探测的主要频段.     

Relating the X-band opacity of a tropical tree canopy to sapflow, rain interception and dew formation

During summer and autumn 2007, a 11 GHz microwave radiometer was deployed in an experimental tree plantation in Sardinilla, Panama. The opacity of the tree canopy was derived from incoming brightness temperatures received on the ground. A collocated eddy-covariance flux tower measured water vapor fluxes and meteorological variables above the canopy. In addition, xylem sapflow of trees was measured within the flux tower footprint. We observed considerable diurnal differences between measured canopy opacities and modeled theoretical opacities that were closely linked to xylem sapflow. It is speculated that dielectric changes in the leaves induced by the sapflow are causing the observed diurnal changes. In addition, canopy intercepted rain and dew formation also modulated the diurnal opacity cycle. With an enhanced canopy opacity model accounting for water deposited on the leaves, we quantified the influence of canopy stored water (i.e. intercepted water and dew) on the opacity. A time series of dew formation and rain interception was directly monitored during a period of two weeks. We found that during light rainfall up to 60% of the rain amount is intercepted by the canopy whereas during periods of intense rainfall only 4% were intercepted. On average, 0.17 mm of dew was formed during the night. Dew evaporation contributed 5% to the total water vapor flux measured above the canopy.     

Fabrication and design of multi-layered radar absorbing structures of MWNT-filled glass/epoxy plain-weave composites

The object of this study is to design radar absorbing structures (RAS) with load-bearing ability in the X-band. Glass/epoxy plain-weave composites of excellent specific stiffness and strength, containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) to induce dielectric loss, were fabricated. Observations of the microstructure and the permittivity of the composites confirmed that the fabrics are suitable for use as RASs. A genetic algorithm and a theory of the reflection/transmission of electromagnetic waves in a multi-layered RAS were applied to design an optimal RAS composed of MWNT-filled composites. The thickness per ply was observed to vary, depending on the number of plies and the MWNT contents. A fabrication process was proposed that considered the variation. The proposed process was in the fabrication of a designed RAS, and the theoretical and measured reflection losses of the RAS were found to be in good agreement.     

X波段固态功率放大器的研制

介绍一种新型X波段固态功率合成放大器,其为脉冲工作方式,采用4个30 W末级功率放大模块,通过混合方式进行功率合成,得到80 W以上的峰值输出功率。最大脉冲宽度200μs,最大占空比40%。实测结果表明,无论是输出功率、体积尺寸大小,还是散热、可靠性等方面都有较大的提升。     

SAR测雨反演算法MREA的研究

介绍了利用X-SAR的归一化雷达散射截面(NRCS)来反演地表降雨量的算法:改进型回归经验算法(MREA),依据测雨反演算法的基本原理,重点分析了MREA算法的理论依据,对于矩形降雨分布在地表降雨量R=50 mm/h和R=100 mm/h的条件下用MREA算法进行反演,指出了NRCS随x轴坐标不断变化这一导致MREA算...     

A novel microwave method for measuring the complex dielectric constant of polymer thin sheets

A new method of measuring the complex dielectric constant of a thin sheet of polymer samples at microwave frequency is presented. In order to obtain the complex dielectric constant in terms of reflection coefficient, a higher order power series solution has been introduced. Application of lower order power series solution to the greater thickness of the sample requires a frequency of less than 1.5 GHz. To overcome this constraint and to extend the range of working frequency, the higher order power series solution is used to obtain the complex dielectric constant. This method is used to measure the complex dielectric constant of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate), polyurethane, polyvinyl acetate, and polystyrene. The results obtained are in good agreement with literature. Electronic Publication