Unresolved controversies concerning psychopathy: Implications for clinical and forensic decision making.

At some point in their careers, clinicians who work or consult in forensic and correctional settings will almost certainly encounter individuals who exhibit psychopathic personality features. Because of the widespread use of this disorder to inform legal and clinical decision making, psychologists should be exceedingly familiar with the relevant research literature on this topic before venturing into these settings. This article reviews the empirical bases of several clinically relevant claims and assertions regarding psychopathy and concludes that many areas of research are decidedly more equivocal in their findings than is commonly perceived. Although there is much to be gained by assessing psychopathy in various contexts, clinicians need to be cautious about drawing overzealous and empirically questionable conclusions about an important disorder that also has great potential for abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Total and acid-soluble fluoride content of infant cereals, beverages and biscuits from Brazil

Total fluoride (TF) and HCl 0.01 M ('gastric juice')-soluble fluoride (SF) were analysed in infant foods, beverages and calcium-rich biscuits. Samples were divided into seven categories: children cereals (A), chocolate-flavoured milk (B), soy beverages (C), filled biscuits (D), non-filled biscuits (E), wafer biscuits (F) and corn starch biscuits (G). Mean TF concentrations ± SD (amplitude, unit µg F ml^-1 or µg F g^-1) were: (A) 4.25 ± 3.04 (0.20 - 7.84, n = 6); (B) 0.34 ± 0.47 (0.05-1.27, n = 6); (C) 0.15 ± 0.07 (0.09-0.29, n = 8); (D) 8.44 ± 1.76 (7.65-10.47, n = 4); (E) 12.41 ± 1.15 (10.69-13.68, n = 4); (F) 0.35 ± 0 (0.34-0.36, n = 4) and (G) 7.77 ± 1.12 (6.86-8.68, n = 2). Five samples of cereals, one sample of chocolate-flavoured milk and 10 samples of biscuits were analysed for SF. In cereals analysed for SF, all fluoride was soluble, while for the chocolate-flavoured milk, approximately 50% of TF was soluble. Regarding the biscuits analysed for SF approximately 20% of TF was soluble. It was observed that some of the cereals and beverages, and most of the biscuits analysed, might be important contributors to total daily fluoride intake. When consumed just once per day, cereals and beverages might supply up to 25% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake (0.07 mg F kg^-1 body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). For the filled, non-filled and corn starch biscuits, when 3, 32 or 20 units of them, respectively, are consumed just once per day, they may supply up to 16% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake. However, only approximately 25% of fluoride absorption occurs from the stomach and 75% from the small intestine. Therefore, a higher fluoride bioavailability is possible.     

Windows 8回收站取证分析

在计算机取证过程中,对于删除文件的分析常常提供有价值的信息。知道在哪里找到被删除文件并且能够理解文件被删除过程中产生的元数据,这是一个合格的计算机取证人员必备的素质。本文对Window 8系统的回收站与传统的Windows XP系统的回收站的相似点和不同点进行了对比分析,并详细说明了Windows 8系统回收站的工作细节,以期为计算机取证人员提供帮助。     

手机规范取证研究

着立法滞后,规范等问题,取证的方法．在司法实践中,涉及到手机的案件越来越多,手机取证的重要性日益突出,但在取证中却存在移动通信技术检验机构不完善,缺少高素质的取证人员,技术落后,缺乏取证的意识和流程不阻碍了手机电子证据在司法实践中的应用。文章针对手机取证中存在的问题,探讨了规范手机为手机取证的规范化提供理论参考。     

IPv6环境下网络取证研究

随着IPv4地址即将耗尽,IPv4向IPv6过渡已成为必经之路。IPv6的应用将对网络取证技术产生重大影响,文章以分析IPv6协议的基本报文格式、IPSec协议为基础,对IPv6和IPv4进行了对比,提出了IPv6环境下以及在IPv4向IPv6过渡期的网络取证的特点和存在的难点。     

计算机便携式取证系统的设计与实现

目前,以计算机信．g-系统为犯罪对象和工具的新型犯罪活动越来越多,造成的危害也越来越大。侦破这些案件必须要用到计算机取证技术,而电子证据本身和取证过程有许多不同于传统物证和取证的特点,给司法工作和信息安全领域都提出了新的挑战。为此,文章设计开发了一款基于WindowsPE系统的便捷、实用、安全、有效的计算机便携式取证系统。电子证据的收集与处理是通过内置于u盘的WindowsPE系统来完成的;利用OpenSSL提供的编程接口和PKI相关技术实现对电子证据的保密、认证与保存等功能。最后通过测试与分析,表明该系统能实现对电子证据的收集、处理和电子证据的安全有效保存。     

抗压缩的照片图像与真实感计算机图形识别

数字图像取证是计算机取证、信息安全领域的一门新学科。为实现照片图像与真实感计算机图形的可靠识别,提出一种基于图像稀疏表示的数字图像取证方法,该方法在抵抗压缩方面具有较好性能,从而保证图像压缩不会改变照片图像与真实感计算机图形的真实性本质。Tetrolet变换为保护图像局部几何结构,在L1-范数最小约束下搜索4×4图像块的最优覆盖(Covering)形式,获得图像的稀疏表示。观察自适应值c的统计分布,得到一幅图像中117种Covering出现次数的归一化直方图,从而得到图像的HoC(histogram of covering)特征。实验结果表明,在饱和度(S)分量提取的HoC特征能够很好地刻画照片图像与真实感计算机图形在局部几何结构上的不同统计特性,算法在识别能力、泛化能力,尤其是抵抗压缩能力上表现出良好性能,能够应用于图像真实性检测及照片图像与计算机图形的自动分类。     

磁盘阵列环境下的取证目标系统重构

封存原始硬盘与业务系统服务的连续性是计算机取证中面临的一对矛盾。在独立硬盘环境中,问题的解决并不困难,但在磁盘阵列(RAID)环境下,目前还缺乏有效的解决办法。为此,为RAID环境下的取证目标系统的重构提出一套解决方案,并设计实现其中关键任务的处理软件。实验表明,该方法可适用于不同RAID等级、不同操作系统下的系统重构,使得用户感受不到重构得到的系统与原系统有任何差异。与数据同步方法相比,该方法可以有效地减少重构的时间开销,且不会破坏原始证据硬盘上的数据。     

基于场景重构与报警聚合的网络取证分析技术

提出一种包含报警标准化、去冗余、场景重构和报警聚合的网络取证分析方法. 通过去除失败攻击的报警, 减少了对证据分析的干扰. 在场景重构中, 通过反向关联, 减少了不必要的证据, 同时通过对孤立报警的补充, 保证了证据链的完整性. 在报警聚合中, 提出了聚合同一攻击步骤的不同报警的方法, 以抽象层和具体层两个层次重构入侵场景. 最后通过实验验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

牙科用氧化锆/氧化铝/玻璃复合材料的研制

采用熔融渗入法制备了牙科用氧化铝基玻璃复合材料，为了提高材料的强度和韧性，在氧化铝预制体中加入一定量的氧化锆。借助sEM和XRD对材料的微观结构和晶相组成进行了研究。研究结果表明：4Y—TZP的引入量为15wt％，掣合材料的抗折强度可达到182MPa，氧化铝基体经玻璃渗透以后，抗折强度等性能明显改善，而且材料化学性能稳定，色泽逼真，是一种较理想的牙科用材料。