Impact of a snow avalanche against an obstacle. Formation of shock waves

The paper is devoted to the effect of compressibility of the avalanche snow impacting an obstacle. Compression shocks generated by obstacle cause high pressure peaks at first instants of impact. That is why the account of compressibility is essential for the understanding of measurements and the design of structures. The main problem in calculation compression shocks in avalanches is to formulate an equation of state for moving snow in impact. Two different types of equations of state are proposed depending on the type of the avalanche (low-density and high-density flows). The approach is not totally new. It was earlier proposed mainly in Russian literature. Here a brief review of the previous work is given with discussion of some gaps in it. The theory is reformulated and further developed to account thermodynamical equations. The simplest case of a normal compression shock in an avalanche flow is studied. Examples of estimations of pressure and density behind a shock are given. It is important to emphasize that the Mach number plays an important role in the theory of compressible flows so it should be taken into account (together with the Froude number) in calculation and modelling an avalanche impact pressure.     

基于动态散斑的颗粒流模式转变机理研究

颗粒流模式转变的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义,以滚筒内的颗粒流作为研究对象,采用动态散斑测量法研究了颗粒流的间歇崩塌和连续流动2种模式之间的转变机理。目的是利用动态散斑方法对滚筒颗粒运动进行研究,并尝试从两种状态持续时间的概率分布上对其转变机理做出阐述。通过CCD相机得到散斑图像,对散斑图像做对比度分析得到滚筒内颗粒运动速度跟时间的图像,进而提取出崩塌时间、连续时间、崩塌持续时间、崩塌间隔时间,并对其进行分布统计、曲线拟合、结果显示,两种状态转变不是突变性,而是存在一个2种状态共存的过渡状态,并且是随着各自的存在概率变大或者变小而逐渐地稳定下来。     

On the design of experiments for the study of extreme field limits in the interaction of laser with ultrarelativistic electron beam

We propose the experiments on the collision of laser light and high intensity electromagnetic pulses generated by relativistic flying mirrors, with electron bunches produced by a conventional accelerator and with laser wake field accelerated electrons for studying extreme field limits in the nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves. The regimes of dominant radiation reaction, which completely changes the electromagnetic wave-matter interaction, will be revealed in the laser plasma experiments. This will result in a new powerful source of ultra short high brightness gamma-ray pulses. A possibility of the demonstration of the electron-positron pair creation in vacuum in a multi-photon processes can be realized. This will allow modeling under terrestrial laboratory conditions neutron star magnetospheres, cosmological gamma ray bursts and the Leptonic Era of the Universe.     

Kinetic modelling of quantum effects in laser-beam interaction

We present the results of kinetic modelling of quantum effects in laser-beam interaction. In the developed numerical model, electron-positron pair production by hard photons, hard photon emission and the electromagnetic fields generated by the created charged particles are taken into account. Interaction of a relativistic electron beam with a strong laser pulse is analyzed. It is shown that the quantum effects can be important even for moderately intense laser pulses when the number of emitted photons by single electron is not large. Electron-positron pair plasma production in extremely intense laser field via development of electromagnetic cascades is also studied. The simulation results confirm the prediction of strong laser field absorption in the self-generated electron-positron plasma. It is shown that the self-generated electron-positron plasma can be an efficient source of energetic gamma-quanta.     

Tracking Twin Boundary Jerky Motion at Nanometer and Microsecond Scales

The jerky motion of twin boundaries in the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni-Mn-Ga is studied by simultaneous measurements of stress and magnetic emissions (ME). A careful design of the experimental conditions results in an approximately linear relationship between the measured ME voltage and the nm-scale volumes exhibiting twinning transformation during microsecond-scale abrupt “avalanche” events. This study shows that the same distributions of ME avalanches, related to features of jerky twin boundary motion, are found both during and between stress drop events. Maximum likelihood analysis of statistical distributions of several variables reveals a good fit to power laws truncated by exponential functions. Interestingly, the characteristic cutoffs described by the exponential functions are in the middle of the distribution range. Further, the cutoff values can be related to the physical characteristics of the studied problem. Particularly, the cutoff of amplitudes of ME avalanches matches the value predicted by high rate magnetic pulse tests performed under much larger driving force values. This observation implies that avalanches during slow rate twin boundary motion and velocity changes observed by high rate tests represent the same behavior and can be described by the same theory.     

An Experimental Investigation of an Avalanche of Relativistic Runaway Electrons under Normal Conditions

The development of avalanches of relativistic runaway electrons is investigated in an experiment similar to the classical Townsend experiment, but in the relativistic energy region. A large-scale laboratory setup is developed with an operating voltage of up to 1.2 MV, which is a chamber with flat electrodes separated by a segmented insulator. A sensitive collector method of analyzing the spectra of high-energy electrons is developed, which is used in electron detectors with a large collecting surface. The multiplication of relativistic electrons in the air is investigated at voltages of up to 1.0 MV. The initial stage of a relativistic electron avalanche is realized for the first time. The results of measurements agree with the results of Monte Carlo simulation.     

汶川地震引发的山地灾害以及堰塞湖的管理方略

汶川地震触发了大规模的崩塌与滑坡等山地灾害,形成众多堰塞湖。为分析其风险与应对措施,本文通过野外考察、卫星影像与数据分析等方法,研究了灾后堆积体与堰塞湖的稳定性,以及它们与下切性河流之间的关系。结果显示,山地灾害在不同程度上释放了潜在势能,其中滑坡释放能量最大,因此滑坡堆积体的稳定性较好,而崩塌堆积体稳定性较差。从长期治理角度看,若能控制河床下切则可避免部分灾害的产生。堰塞湖管理方略包括两种:对于风险高的堰塞湖应以拆除为主,而对于风险很小的堰塞湖则应予以保留。震区大部分河流处于不稳定的下切拓宽阶段。保留堰塞湖可以加大河床阻力,使河流提前达到平衡,降低未来地震中山地灾害发生的风险。     

Studies on the inhomogeneous nature of the silent discharge reactor: Part 2. kinetic simulation of a differential batch reactor

The silent discharge reactor is characterised by a large number of randomly distributed discrete primary reaction zones (PRZ). These are transient in nature. Primary electron-molecule collisions take place here with subsequent quenching of the atom-molecule or free radical-molecule processes. A model of a differential batch ozonizer has been proposed to study the influence of various forms of current pulse train, and the chemical activity of dielectric surface. The effect of multiple exposure of the reaction products to a series of electron avalanches has been evaluated. Finally the effects of temperature field and electron concentration within the electron avalanches have been studied.     

北京正负电子对撞机调束运行期间的环境辐射

本文主要介绍对北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)调束运行期间环境辐射监测的方法和主要结果。在北京谱仪大厅(1厅)活动屏蔽墙(1m厚、6m高混凝土)内、外(监测点R-5、R-6)的中子剂量当量率分别为33和1.2μSv/h,γ剂量当量率分别为55和0.8μSv/h;在距1厅内的第一对撞点100m处的19环境监测站测得的中子剂量当量率曾达0.039μSv/h,γ为本底水平,经分析表明,此中子剂量主要来自对撞点聚焦磁铁接反(束流损失较大)情况下的天空反射。     

汶川地震触发高速远程滑坡–碎屑流堆积反粒序特征及机制分析

 中国四川汶川地震触发了众多的典型高速远程滑坡–碎屑流。为论证这些高速远程滑坡–碎屑流堆积的层序特征和形成机制,以谢家店子滑坡、牛圈沟滑坡和文家沟滑坡为研究对象,首先对高速远程滑坡运动路径上的竖向分带性进行详细的描述,并根据各带特征,将其划分与命名为气浪影响区、碎屑流跳跃抛洒区、碎屑流流动堆积区、滑动剪切带以及下伏的原沟谷堆积层。在对各竖向分带进行描述的基础上,以碎屑流流动堆积区为重点研究对象,运用面积取样–面积频率法和室内筛分法,对碎屑流流动堆积区不同粒径范围内的颗粒进行详细的粒组分析,并通过质量–频率法的转换,最终获取碎屑流流动堆积区竖向剖面中不同高度层位上碎屑颗粒的累计频率分布曲线,揭示碎屑流堆积体内部所特有的堆积规律--反粒序结构,该结构是高速远程滑坡–碎屑流运动过程及其运动状态的重要反映,是高速滑坡远程运动机制分析所基于的重要地质证据。根据大量的现场调查和室内试验结果,得到以下结论：碎屑流运动路径上因滑面不规则起伏所激励的振动筛分作用和碎屑颗粒之间碰撞所产生的动力破碎作用以及二者的耦合过程应为反粒序形成的主要原因;并基于滑坡运动学与动力学的过程,对上述作用的能量来源和转化过程进行描述。