纳滤膜的污染成因及防止技术研究

结合科学实验研究成果分析了纳滤膜无机污染、有机污染和微生物污染三种主要污染的机理。首次提出了动态有机污染模型理论,并就纳滤膜污染的防止提供了一些有效可行的技术处理方案,为纳滤膜的推广应用提供参考。     

Influence of the Transport Properties of the Crystal/Heat Transfer Surface Interfacial on Fouling Behavior

One method to reduce fouling is to extend the induction time by a defined modification of the interfacial interactions between the heat transfer surface and the crystalline deposit. Since these interactions are a result of both molecular and mechanical forces, two approaches for fouling mitigation have been developed: (a) Modification of the energy related properties of the heat transfer surface and (b) Modification of the geometry related properties of the heat transfer surface.     

The influence of biomass co-combustion on boiler fouling and efficiency

The paper presents an attempt to evaluate the influence of biomass co-combustion on the fouling of boiler convection surfaces. In order to show the influence of co-firing biomass with bituminous coal on boiler efficiency, the calculations of pulverized fuel (PF) OP 140 steam generator have been carried out. Typical Upper Silesian coal with medium fouling inclination has been chosen as a basic fuel. Three kinds of biomass have been taken into consideration: straw, wood and dried sewage sludge. The results confirm that the properties of additional fuels cause deterioration of the boiler efficiency as well as the changes in boilers operational parameters (amount of water injected in attemperators, ash stream, hot air temperature). The biomass during cofiring in fact replaces the coal, but always the additional fuel consumption is higher than that of the substituted coal. Therefore, the actual decrease of coal consumption is smaller than the thermal fraction of the biomass.     

污垢对冷水机组的影响

通过对两个工程实例的冷水机组测试结果对比分析，得出污垢对冷水机组造成了热阻增加，接热效果变差，制冷量减少以及制冷效率下降等严重后果，并推算出机组由此所带来的运行费用的增加。运行管理人员应该注意对机组加强清洗保养工作，以提高机组的经济运行水平。     

Fouling characteristics of 90° elbow in high salinity wastewater from coal chemical industry

Due to the high salt content of coal chemical wastewater, pipeline fouling often occurs during wastewater treatment. Fouling will cause the diameter of the pipe to shrink or even block, which is not conducive to the safe and stable operation of the wastewater treatment process. In this paper, the experimental device was designed by using FLUENT software and the fouling deposition mechanisms at different flow velocities and different positions in a 90 deg bend were studied. The experimental results show that when the flow velocity is between 0.2 m·s~(-1) and 0.3 m·s~(-1), the thickness of fouling layer was positively correlated with the flow velocity; when the flow velocity is equal to 0.4 m·s~(-1), the formation of fouling is the most serious; when the flow velocity is between 0.4 m·s~(-1) and 0.7 m·s~(-1), the thickness of fouling layer was negative correlation with the flow velocity; with the increase of inlet velocity, the time for sediment point to develop into sediment surface is shortened. The fouling layer is easy to fall off because of the large shear force on the wall surface of the inner bend of the 90° elbow, so the density of sediment at this position is high.     

Color and COD retention by nanofiltration membranes

In the present study the application of the nanofiltration process was investigated mainly in the retention ofcolor and chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in textile industry wastewater. Nanofiltration experiments were carried out in a pilot unit, operating in crossflow. Three different types of spiral wound membranes, DK 1073, NF 45 and MPS 31 were used simultaneously in the same unit. The results of the tests showed that for color retention, the values were around 99% for the DK 1073 and NF 45 membranes and the 87% for COD retention for the DK 1073. The permeate flux for the different wastewaters varied from 30.5 to 70 L/h.m². Fouling was observed in all membranes due to the accumulation of molecular species close to the filtering surface. The process was efficient and promising for the reuse of wastewater from this type of industry.     

液态排渣锅炉高温受热面结焦及积灰问题的分析与对策

为提高四角喷燃液态排渣锅炉运行的安全性和经济性，从锅炉原理和实际运行情况对锅炉高温受热面的积灰与结焦问题进行了分析，并提出了解决办法，同时提出了一种基于热力学模型的受热面积灰状态实时监测方法。     

Reactive dye removal in dye/salt mixtures by nanofiltration membranes containing vinylsulphone dyes: effects of feed concentration and cross flow velocity

In this study, DS5 DK type nanofiltration membranes were tested to recycle the reactive dye bath effluents. Reactive black 5 (RB5), reactive orange 16 (RO16), reactive blue 19 (RB19) and NaCl were used in the experiments to prepare the synthetic dye and salt mixtures. Effects of feed concentration, pressure and cross flow velocity on the permeate flux and color removal were investigated. Permeate flux increased with increasing pressure for all NaCl solutions. Dye concentration had a significant effect on flux values. Under the fixed NaCl concentrations the flux decreased with increasing dye concentrations. Dye rejections greater than 99% were achieved. Permeate was almost colorless. A gel layer formed by the rejected dye on membrane surface operates as a resistance to the permeation of dyes due to complete rejection of high molecule weight dyes, especially for the low salt concentrations. The presence of salt concentration has an interesting effect on color removal. Color removal decreased with increasing salt concentration. Cross flow velocities had also a significant effect on flux values. The dye formed agglomerates at high NaCl concentrations. High cross flow velocities decreased this effect.     

防止设备结垢延长乙烯装置运行周期

设备结垢堵塞问题已成为乙烯装置长周期运转的难点。笔者重点论述了急冷油塔和冷箱的结垢问题及防范措施。