三峡区间面雨量空间插值方法对比分析

空间插值是常用的面雨量计算方法,以三峡区间为研究对象,选取反距离加权、普通克里金、协同克里金3种空间插值算法,进行面雨量空间插值计算和对比分析,其中协同克里金插值将地形作为影响因素。三峡区间面雨量插值结果表明:克里金插值在精度上要优于反距离加权插值,插值效果也更平滑;协同克里金的插值精度优于普通克里金,平均绝对误差、误差均方根相对于普通克里金插值分别降低了19%,10%。因此,在山区或地形复杂区域的面雨量计算,将地形作为协同区域化属性的协同克里金插值更合适。     

Comparing interpolation techniques for monthly rainfall mapping using multiple evaluation criteria and auxiliary data sources: A case study of Sri Lanka

Interpolating climatic variables such as rainfall is challenging due to the highly variable nature of meteorological processes, the effects of terrain and geography, and the difficulty in establishing a representative network of stations. While interpolation models are being adapted to include these effects, often the rainfall data contain significant gaps in coverage. In this paper, we evaluated rainfall data from an agro-ecological monitoring network for producing maps of total monthly rainfall in Sri Lanka. We compared four spatial interpolation techniques: inverse distance weighting, thin-plate splines, ordinary kriging, and Bayesian kriging. Error metrics were used to validate interpolations against independent data. Satellite data were used to assess the spatial pattern of rainfall. Results indicated that Bayesian kriging and splines performed best in low and high rainfall, respectively. Rainfall maps generated from the agro-ecological network were found to have accuracies consistent with previous studies in Sri Lanka.     

Interpretation of regional geochemistry using optimal interpolation parameters

A collection of data analysis procedures is presented which are derived from estimation of geographic interpolation parameters. Several interpolation models are discussed along with a procedure to obtain the best model. The power parameter, p, and the search radius, c, are the standard parameters in inverse distance weighting interpolation which is appropriate for sampling patterns that are not highly irregular. The power parameter is shown to characterize the regional behavior of geochemical measurements. This characterization process can be used to associate similar types of geochemical measurements, produce optimal contour maps, derive meaningful residual maps, and highlight unusual geochemical areas by a weighted sum variable. The computer program. BESTP, (used to estimate the optimum inverse distance weighting interpolation parameters) is presented, along with an example using reconnaissance groundwater data from the Plainview Quadrangle, Texas.     

数字地价模型建立过程中的插值方法研究——以上海内环线地区为例

对反距离加权平均(IDW)插值法和克立格(Kriging)插值法两种空间插值方法在数字地价模型(DLPM)建立过程中的插值效果进行比较研究,采用上海内环线地区内的实际样本点数据进行有关实证分析。利用空间插值软件Surfer8.0对上海内环线地区内地价样本点使用上述两种不同的插值方法插值生成不同的插值结果文件,再利用GIS软件MapInfo7.5把插值结果文件生成数字地价栅格专题图,最后用随机选取的验证点对不同的插值结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:反距离加权平均(IDW)插值法比克立格(Kriging)插值法插值效果更佳,其插值结果更加接近实际地价分布,而且,反距离加权平均(IDW)插值法属于确定性插值法,也简单、易操作,样本点处的插值结果也可以更好的接近样本点的实际地价值,使得数字地价模型(DLPM)的建立更加可靠、可行。     

基于空间插值方法的重庆降水信息展布

不同空间插值方法在不同地区的插值精度不同。为确定重庆市降雨量的空间分布,采用重庆市12个气象站1960-2014年降水数据,运用系数为2、3、4的反距离权重法、普通克里金法、考虑高程的协同克里金法及考虑温度的协同克里金法,按多年平均、最大3个月及最小3个月不同降水量指标进行分析,并以均方根误差和纳什效率系数进行验证。结果表明,对于三种指标,不同插值方法的优劣从好到差均为考虑高程的协同克里金法、考虑温度的协同克里金法、普通克里金法、系数分别为4、3、2的反距离权重法。对于反距离权重法,系数越大则误差越小。三种降水量指标以多年平均降水量为输入数据的插值结果更加准确。考虑温度的协同克里金法在降水量较小或降水与温度相关性较强时有良好的插值精度。在重庆地表变化幅度较大的地区,考虑高程的协同克里金法更能体现高程变化对降水量的影响。     

基于空间变异性的IDW矿石品位估值改进方法

为满足距离反比加权（IDW）插值方法在矿石品位估值中的应用,对IDW方法进行了改进.通过地质统计学中的变异函数理论分析钻孔样品数据中元素品位的空间变异性,根据矿体形态计算矿体走向、倾向和厚度3个相互垂直方向的定向变异函数,进而使用3个方向和相应变异函数的变程值确定搜索椭球体的参数.采用八分圆空间分区搜索方法对每个八分扇区内参与插值的样品个数加以限制,从而减少样品数据聚类效应;根据钻孔勘探网度,将空间搜索范围以及钻孔工程数与储量等级进行对应,实现矿石资源级别分类.通过C＋＋语言在HOOPS三维可视化平台编程实现了该方法和计算结果的可视化,以某铜矿实例说明该方法的具体步骤.结果表明该方法简单有效,能够得到很好的估值结果.     

粒子群局部优化的反距离权重插值算法

参考点与参数的选取会对反距离权重（IDW）的精度产生影响。针对多参数协同优化反距离权重算法（PIDW）忽略局部特性的问题,提出一种利用粒子群对IDW进行局部优化的改进算法——PLIDW。首先,分别对研究区域中各个样本点的参数进行寻优,利用交叉验证方法进行评估,记录各自最优取值的一组参数;同时,为提高查询效率,使用K维树（KD-Tree）保存空间位置与最优参数;最后,根据空间邻近程度从K维树选取最近的一组参数优化IDW。基于模拟数据与真实的温度数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于PIDW,PLIDW在真实数据集上的准确度提高4.18%以上,改善了PIDW存在的因忽略局部特性导致部分场景准确度低的问题,适应能力更强。     

异构脱蜡产品的综合利用

异构脱蜡技术是美国雪佛龙 (Chevron)公司在 90年代初研究开发的 ,并于 1994年首先在雪佛龙公司的里奇蒙炼油厂实现工业化。其基础油粘温性能、抗氧化安定性及低温流动性。中国石油大庆炼化分公司年处理能力为 2 0万t的异构脱蜡装置 ,系采用美国雪佛龙公司异构脱蜡技术 ,已生产出合格产品。本文阐述了异构脱蜡技术在基础油方面的贡献及其基础油在润滑油调合中的应用情况。     

Explorations of the implementation of a parallel IDW interpolation algorithm in a Linux cluster-based parallel GIS

To design and implement an open-source parallel GIS (OP-GIS) based on a Linux cluster, the parallel inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation algorithm has been chosen as an example to explore the working model and the principle of algorithm parallel pattern (APP), one of the parallelization patterns for OP-GIS. Based on an analysis of the serial IDW interpolation algorithm of GRASS GIS, this paper has proposed and designed a specific parallel IDW interpolation algorithm, incorporating both single process, multiple data (SPMD) and master/slave (M/S) programming modes. The main steps of the parallel IDW interpolation algorithm are: (1) the master node packages the related information, and then broadcasts it to the slave nodes; (2) each node calculates its assigned data extent along one row using the serial algorithm; (3) the master node gathers the data from all nodes; and (4) iterations continue until all rows have been processed, after which the results are outputted. According to the experiments performed in the course of this work, the parallel IDW interpolation algorithm can attain an efficiency greater than 0.93 compared with similar algorithms, which indicates that the parallel algorithm can greatly reduce processing time and maximize speed and performance.     

利用异构脱蜡技术生产优质润滑油基础油

介绍了美国ＡＰＩ润滑油基础油分类法及大庆油田化学助剂厂引进的ＣＨＥＶＲＯＮ异构脱技术。为生产高档内燃机油基础油开辟了新途径。